It's Saturday evening, and I am sitting here eating Doritos while I wait for my woman to get off of work and take me out to the bar. As such, I will voluntarily suspend my disbelief and attempt to answer a few of your questions, since I have some time to kill.
1. You have, of course, a 1911, a Sig, and a Glock, in that order, in the first picture.
2. The Sig is a model 226. I figured that out by reading the engraving on the slide where it says "Sig Sauer P226".
3. By 'that thing on the bottom of the barrel', I am assuming you are either referring to the guide rod assembly (round thing under the barrel) or the rail (rail thing under the slide), both of which come at no extra charge for that particular model of Sig.
4. Since you love the Kimber body style as seen in your picture, I would recommend Kimber as the best style of gun for you.
5. I am assuming the Kimber in the picture is a .45, although it could be .38, 9mm, .40, or any other sort of wacky caliber. It is indeed a 1911.
6. If you want a wider barrel, you should look for a model with a bull barrel, which does not require a bushing because it is thicker. If you want a longer barrel, you should buy a longer gun. Common sizes are 3, 4, & 5 inches, although 6" models are available.
7. You can get 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 20, and 30 round magazines for these pistols, although 7 & 8 are the most common, as they sit flush with the frame.
8. Finally, the one on the top of the last picture is called a Model 1911-A1, and appears to be in .45 caliber. Refer to #2 for the model determination process.
Back to my Doritos. One more hour until I can hit the bar.