Let's start with how M1 Carbine magazines are retained in the M1 Carbine. There are two bumps on the back of the magazine that the Carbine's magazine catch holds (30 round magazines have a third bump on the side to help with the added weight). These magazines aren't particularly adaptable the way Colt did with Uzi magazines for their 9mm SMG, and their 901 has a lot more structural flexibility than a stock AR lower does for handling odd magazines. Both the Colt 9mm SMG and the 901 use the "normal" magazine catch/release for their "other caliber" magazines, but a magazine well adapter for a .30 Carbine magazine would have to be completely different, and the shooter would have to keep that in mind every time he changed mags - or the adapter might wind up falling out, the way STEN magazine adapters do, because the shooter hit the "normal" release button instead of some new, different control.
Yes, it's possible, definitely doable. But it isn't practical, especially given how darn expensive .30 carbine ammunition is.