User Panel
User Panel
User Panel
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:38:27 AM EDT
[#1]
Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it...
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:40:16 AM EDT
[#2]
Yes it will work. No, it's not legal.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:42:00 AM EDT
[#3]
Quoted:
Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... We don't have inspections, or emissions testing here, so that is a moot point. Plus, if it pisses off the greenies, all the better. 
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:43:39 AM EDT
[#4]
Quoted:
Yes it will work. No, it's not legal. Not legal? Damnit. Niether are silencers.... I HAVE to have a silencer on my truck, and yet am not allowed to own one for my guns. Gay. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:44:55 AM EDT
[#5]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... We don't have inspections, or emissions testing here, so that is a moot point. Plus, if it pisses off the greenies, all the better. Instead of welding a new piece of pipe in, just drop the back half, take something metal I used a golf club shaft, and a rubber mallet, and knock the shit out. Fire it up, rev it to blow the shit out, repeat till it's all gone. Only took an hour. Another 20 min to clean up the mess. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:45:08 AM EDT
[#6]
you can purchase replacement O2 "fakes" for cat-less purposes from Amazon
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:45:33 AM EDT
[#7]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... We don't have inspections, or emissions testing here, so that is a moot point. Plus, if it pisses off the greenies, all the better. The irony, removing the cats to increase mileage, thus using less carbon based fuel, pisses off the green weenies. Posted Via AR15.Com Mobile |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:46:16 AM EDT
[#8]
Quoted:
Yes it will work. No, it's not legal. In all 50 states? Starting with what year of manufacture? This is why I like my route, it's still there, just not functional. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:47:32 AM EDT
[#9]
But it still smells like poop
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:48:31 AM EDT
[#10]
short answer....probably not.
I had 4 cats in my lightning...I cut out two and noticed not one damned thing other than lovely sound |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:49:29 AM EDT
[#11]
Quoted: But it still smells like poop To me it smells like unburned fuel without a cat. Not really too bad. Leaking or busted catalytic converters smell like bunghole though.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:50:07 AM EDT
[#12]
Quoted:
I have a 2000 Chevy Silverado 1500 z71, 3.73 gear ratio, with 285/75R16 tires. 150,000 miles. The part highlighted in red... That's the reason for your poor fuel mileage. Not the Cat converter. 
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:51:35 AM EDT
[#13]
Quoted:
But it still smells like poop Not mine. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:52:50 AM EDT
[#14]
Quoted:
Instead of welding a new piece of pipe in, just drop the back half, take something metal I used a golf club shaft, and a rubber mallet, and knock the shit out. Fire it up, rev it to blow the shit out, repeat till it's all gone. Only took an hour. Another 20 min to clean up the mess. Correct answer here. ^^^ Removing the cat entirely... your truck won't pass the "visual equipment inspection". Removing Cats is illegal... but nobody will know if the guts are knocked out of them.  You will see better performance, mileage and sound. 
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 6:59:46 AM EDT
[#15]
I think that when you see 4 of them 2 are pre-heaters and then you have 2 cats.
I sold a 2006 Tacoma to a friend 2 years ago. He works at Miami International Airport and parks the truck in the garage. Last year after he got off of work he went to his truck to go home. Started it up and it was loud as hell. Looked under it and noticed somebody stole the cats from under the truck while he was at work. He went to buy one it was $1,500 at the dealer. Maybe sell yours? |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:02:56 AM EDT
[#16]
Look closely at this image. See the skinny pedal on the right? Don't push that one there very hard.
I once took the cat off my Ford Festiva. The mileage dropped from 48 mpg to 42 mpg because I revved it harder. If I remember right, it was worth about three tenths in the quarter. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:04:18 AM EDT
[#17]
Before I started gutting cats or toying with the legality of the vehicle, I'd be sure I was doing all of the obvious things first like ensuring that maintenance is up-to-date, carefully selecting fluids, maintaining proper tire pressures, using highway tires, sticking to a moderate driving style, making good route choices (highway vs back roads, combining trips, and so on), preventing excessive idling and engine "warm-up", removing excess weight from the vehicle, etc. Assuming you have all of these bases covered, I'd look at getting a good tune that is maximized for efficiency, which might well get you a MPG or so if done right.
FWIW, Casper's used to build O2 simms, which would allow you to disconnect your rear O2 sensors (and still pass OBD-II inspection) without having to actually remove the sensors, but production got shut down by EPA a few years back. Might be that you could find some on eBay still. If not, anyone with EFI LIve or HPTuners can simply shut off the DTCs associated with the rear O2's and you'll be good to go with straight pipe or gutted cats. Again, if it were me, I'd look elsewhere besides the cats for improvement, but then again I don't have a problem with catalytic converters since the modern ones really don't cost you much in the way of hp anyway. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:05:52 AM EDT
[#18]
they usually will pick up 10% fuel economy with removing or adding high flow ones. also the flow master is a chambered muffler you could change to a straight through design and cat less. i would also go with getting fuel injectors cleaned and tune up!
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:15:16 AM EDT
[#19]
The guys that run the exhaust shop in my town will give you "lifetime" cats for a small fee because they sell your old ones. I'd look into making sure your truck (I have pretty much the same truck, a 99 Sierra) will run correctly without them before you cut them off.
Edit: I put a SLP Shotgun resonator on instead of the muffler. It saved the exhaust going through the garbage can shaped and sized old muffler to basically a straight pipe that expands for a few inches then contracts. I'm sure it helped my mileage a little bit, though I didn't measure it before and after. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:19:11 AM EDT
[#20]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... We don't have inspections, or emissions testing here, so that is a moot point. Plus, if it pisses off the greenies, all the better. Instead of welding a new piece of pipe in, just drop the back half, take something metal I used a golf club shaft, and a rubber mallet, and knock the shit out. Fire it up, rev it to blow the shit out, repeat till it's all gone. Only took an hour. Another 20 min to clean up the mess. Does the scrapyard pay for the material, or just the entire convertor? Punching them out seems somewhat easier/cheaper. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:22:08 AM EDT
[#21]
Quoted:
Quoted:
I have a 2000 Chevy Silverado 1500 z71, 3.73 gear ratio, with 285/75R16 tires. 150,000 miles. The part highlighted in red... That's the reason for your poor fuel mileage. Not the Cat converter. Well no kidding. Having the most efficient 4x4 truck is kind of like being the smartest kid with Down's Syndrome. You can spell your name, but you're still fucking retarded. I'd just like to save gas where I can. I have a 2000 Ninja 600 I ride when weather permits; fun, AND saves gas. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:23:40 AM EDT
[#22]
Quoted:
Look closely at this image. See the skinny pedal on the right? Don't push that one there very hard. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSIb-kb9bd4UI0qeYggCQ9VfEgV7e6ppnRNfNjyRDbxkrhgxOFA I once took the cat off my Ford Festiva. The mileage dropped from 48 mpg to 42 mpg because I revved it harder. If I remember right, it was worth about three tenths in the quarter. You drag raced a Ford Festiva?   3 tenths in the quarter, and zero to 60 in 15 minutes, lmao!
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:26:36 AM EDT
[#23]
The first 2 sensors are the only ones that affect how your car/truck runs. Their job is to adjust the fuel mixture as needed. The downstream sensors only job, is to tell if the cats are working. They have no affect on fuel economy. They can and will throw a code if the cats stop working or have been taken out. You can get MIL eliminators, that plug in where the sensors were to get rid of the trouble light. Like others have said this won;t pass a visual inspection. You can also replace your old cats with new high flow cats. This will improve the exhaust flow, sound and may improve you fuel economy a bit, but with 3.73 gears and 32 inch tires, you can only improve so much.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:35:06 AM EDT
[#24]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... We don't have inspections, or emissions testing here, so that is a moot point. Plus, if it pisses off the greenies, all the better. Instead of welding a new piece of pipe in, just drop the back half, take something metal I used a golf club shaft, and a rubber mallet, and knock the shit out. Fire it up, rev it to blow the shit out, repeat till it's all gone. Only took an hour. Another 20 min to clean up the mess. Does the scrapyard pay for the material, or just the entire convertor? Punching them out seems somewhat easier/cheaper. I think you'd get more for the whole thing. If it's complete they'll at least have an idea of what's in the converter without having to take you for your word on it. Not saying you're untrustworthy, but it's a business. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:38:39 AM EDT
[#25]
No, it doesn't work, and yes, tampering with working emissions equipment is illegal, inspections in your area or not.
It's a four wheel drive truck, with relatively deep gears and big, heavy tires. 12-14ish mpg sounds about right, depending on your driving habits. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:40:38 AM EDT
[#26]
Took mine off my duramax diesel. I averaged 19.3 mpg doing 80mph from Phoenix to Orange county yesterday. That's up from 16 mpg when I had the cat on.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 7:47:00 AM EDT
[#27]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Look closely at this image. See the skinny pedal on the right? Don't push that one there very hard. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSIb-kb9bd4UI0qeYggCQ9VfEgV7e6ppnRNfNjyRDbxkrhgxOFA I once took the cat off my Ford Festiva. The mileage dropped from 48 mpg to 42 mpg because I revved it harder. If I remember right, it was worth about three tenths in the quarter. You drag raced a Ford Festiva? 3 tenths in the quarter, and zero to 60 in 15 minutes, lmao!We drag raced anything that would roll down the road.
Went from 18.70 or so to 18.000 in the quarter by removing air filter, shifting at the rev limiter, removing the cat, removing the passenger and back seats. I don't recommend any of those be performed on a daily driven rig. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 8:52:13 AM EDT
[#28]
Quoted:
Took mine off my duramax diesel. I averaged 19.3 mpg doing 80mph from Phoenix to Orange county yesterday. That's up from 16 mpg when I had the cat on. I hate you Duramax guys, lol. How many HP you running? |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 8:53:06 AM EDT
[#29]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Look closely at this image. See the skinny pedal on the right? Don't push that one there very hard. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSIb-kb9bd4UI0qeYggCQ9VfEgV7e6ppnRNfNjyRDbxkrhgxOFA I once took the cat off my Ford Festiva. The mileage dropped from 48 mpg to 42 mpg because I revved it harder. If I remember right, it was worth about three tenths in the quarter. You drag raced a Ford Festiva? 3 tenths in the quarter, and zero to 60 in 15 minutes, lmao!We drag raced anything that would roll down the road.
Went from 18.70 or so to 18.000 in the quarter by removing air filter, shifting at the rev limiter, removing the cat, removing the passenger and back seats. I don't recommend any of those be performed on a daily driven rig. LOL, Sir, you are awesome! Although, I think I have a gokart that would beat it, lol! |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 8:56:09 AM EDT
[#30]
I have also seen independent reviews, not advertising the Fitch Fuel Catalyst, to show it to actually add 1 to 2 mpg. I am still dubious. I ran one in my first motorcycle and it had absolutely no measurable effects on MPG, or how the bike ran. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 9:04:54 AM EDT
[#31]
Quoted:
The first 2 sensors are the only ones that affect how your car/truck runs. Their job is to adjust the fuel mixture as needed. The downstream sensors only job, is to tell if the cats are working. They have no affect on fuel economy. They can and will throw a code if the cats stop working or have been taken out. You can get MIL eliminators, that plug in where the sensors were to get rid of the trouble light. Like others have said this won;t pass a visual inspection. You can also replace your old cats with new high flow cats. This will improve the exhaust flow, sound and may improve you fuel economy a bit, but with 3.73 gears and 32 inch tires, you can only improve so much. My wife's Expidition was throwing a rear O2 sensor code so I made a MIL eliminator for it for $3 worth of parts from Radio Shack. Somewhere on the interwebz is a site that explains how to do it. A lot cheap than $75 for a new O2 sensor. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 9:09:25 AM EDT
[#32]
Quoted:
Quoted:
The first 2 sensors are the only ones that affect how your car/truck runs. Their job is to adjust the fuel mixture as needed. The downstream sensors only job, is to tell if the cats are working. They have no affect on fuel economy. They can and will throw a code if the cats stop working or have been taken out. You can get MIL eliminators, that plug in where the sensors were to get rid of the trouble light. Like others have said this won;t pass a visual inspection. You can also replace your old cats with new high flow cats. This will improve the exhaust flow, sound and may improve you fuel economy a bit, but with 3.73 gears and 32 inch tires, you can only improve so much. My wife's Expidition was throwing a rear O2 sensor code so I made a MIL eliminator for it for $3 worth of parts from Radio Shack. Somewhere on the interwebz is a site that explains how to do it. A lot cheap than $75 for a new O2 sensor. True, but I already bought AND installed the O2 sensors, lol. I doub't I could get a refund, no matter HOW buddy buddy I am with the folks at Autozone, lmao! |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 9:25:42 AM EDT
[#33]
If you cut them out and replace them with straight pipe, just have a couple O2 sensor bungs welded into the pipe. Then go to the auto parts store and get a couple spark plug non-foulers that fit your downstream O2 sensors. Improved mileage and no check engine lights will result, not that I've ever done this.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 9:27:19 AM EDT
[#34]
Quoted:
Quoted:
The first 2 sensors are the only ones that affect how your car/truck runs. Their job is to adjust the fuel mixture as needed. The downstream sensors only job, is to tell if the cats are working. They have no affect on fuel economy. They can and will throw a code if the cats stop working or have been taken out. You can get MIL eliminators, that plug in where the sensors were to get rid of the trouble light. Like others have said this won;t pass a visual inspection. You can also replace your old cats with new high flow cats. This will improve the exhaust flow, sound and may improve you fuel economy a bit, but with 3.73 gears and 32 inch tires, you can only improve so much. My wife's Expidition was throwing a rear O2 sensor code so I made a MIL eliminator for it for $3 worth of parts from Radio Shack. Somewhere on the interwebz is a site that explains how to do it. A lot cheap than $75 for a new O2 sensor. That part in red, the mother in law eliminator. How do I get one of those? |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 9:28:50 AM EDT
[#35]
Quoted:
Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... Some us don't have emission tests. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 9:35:26 AM EDT
[#36]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
The first 2 sensors are the only ones that affect how your car/truck runs. Their job is to adjust the fuel mixture as needed. The downstream sensors only job, is to tell if the cats are working. They have no affect on fuel economy. They can and will throw a code if the cats stop working or have been taken out. You can get MIL eliminators, that plug in where the sensors were to get rid of the trouble light. Like others have said this won;t pass a visual inspection. You can also replace your old cats with new high flow cats. This will improve the exhaust flow, sound and may improve you fuel economy a bit, but with 3.73 gears and 32 inch tires, you can only improve so much. My wife's Expidition was throwing a rear O2 sensor code so I made a MIL eliminator for it for $3 worth of parts from Radio Shack. Somewhere on the interwebz is a site that explains how to do it. A lot cheap than $75 for a new O2 sensor. That part in red, the mother in law eliminator. How do I get one of those? Several ways, but the important thing to know is it will cost you half of what you currently own.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 9:40:41 AM EDT
[#37]
Test Pipes
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 9:43:26 AM EDT
[#38]
Quoted:
I have also seen independent reviews, not advertising the Fitch Fuel Catalyst, to show it to actually add 1 to 2 mpg. I am still dubious. I ran one in my first motorcycle and it had absolutely no measurable effects on MPG, or how the bike ran. I was an engineer at a company involved with the Fitch Fuel catalyst people. Simply put: It is a fucking scam. 
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 9:53:33 AM EDT
[#39]
Modern catalysts present no flow restriction unless at wide open throttle. How much of your driving is a wide open throttle?
Back in the early days, catalysts were a bed of small spheres, these had high flow restrictions at moderate throttle. But today, all catalysts are monolithic blocks with thousands of hexagonal channels. Flow area is higher than the inlet flow area. It is only skin friction. Now what happens when you pull the converters? You will get a check engine light because the back oxygen sensors see zero change. Fitch is worthless. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 9:55:39 AM EDT
[#40]
Quoted: Quoted: Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... Some us don't have emission tests. Removing a catalyst in a post 1995 vehicle will cause the check engine lamp to illuminate which is failure to pass annual inspection. No testing, just a fail. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 10:02:56 AM EDT
[#41]
Quoted: Quoted: Removing a catalyst in a post 1995 vehicle will cause the check engine lamp to illuminate which is failure to pass annual inspection. No testing, just a fail.Quoted: Some us don't have emission tests.Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... You can get dummy sensors or signal modifiers for most OBDII cars with multiple O2 sensors. The signal modifiers let you keep the same sensors, they just alter the signal to the ECU to make it read within the acceptable range as if the cat was still there... |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 10:05:30 AM EDT
[#42]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Removing a catalyst in a post 1995 vehicle will cause the check engine lamp to illuminate which is failure to pass annual inspection. No testing, just a fail.
Quoted:
Some us don't have emission tests.
Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... You can get dummy sensors or signal modifiers for most OBDII cars with multiple O2 sensors. The signal modifiers let you keep the same sensors, they just alter the signal to the ECU to make it read within the acceptable range as if the cat was still there... O2 simulators and the like are illegal to run "on road", they are solely an "off road" application. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 10:06:24 AM EDT
[#43]
Quoted: Took mine off my duramax diesel. I averaged 19.3 mpg doing 80mph from Phoenix to Orange county yesterday. That's up from 16 mpg when I had the cat on. Impossible, no diesel owner on the internet gets less than 24 mpg.  |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 10:08:04 AM EDT
[#44]
Quoted: Quoted: I have also seen independent reviews, not advertising the Fitch Fuel Catalyst, to show it to actually add 1 to 2 mpg. I am still dubious. I ran one in my first motorcycle and it had absolutely no measurable effects on MPG, or how the bike ran. I was an engineer at a company involved with the Fitch Fuel catalyst people. Simply put: It is a fucking scam. I rubbed Fitch Fuel Catalyst on my missing finger, and it grew back. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 10:11:52 AM EDT
[#45]
Quoted: Quoted: Quoted: Removing a catalyst in a post 1995 vehicle will cause the check engine lamp to illuminate which is failure to pass annual inspection. No testing, just a fail.Quoted: Some us don't have emission tests.Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... You can get dummy sensors or signal modifiers for most OBDII cars with multiple O2 sensors. The signal modifiers let you keep the same sensors, they just alter the signal to the ECU to make it read within the acceptable range as if the cat was still there... And still, no improvement in mileage. The problem is pushing 5500 pounds around town with a projected area of 30 square feet with a coefficient of drag in the 0.35 range. My 2k C1500 Suburban with the 5.3 will get 20 MPG at 60 MPH. But being 2WD, it has less projected area and a better CD. Drag is based on the square of speed multiplied by one half the area*drag coefficient*air density. Since area and density are fixed, the most you can do is improve the drag coefficient or just slow down on the highway. In the city, most of that fuel is wasted in brake wear. Keep it light and again, slower. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 10:13:46 AM EDT
[#46]
If you went to all the trouble to improve the intake and exhaust, I doubt removing the cc would make enough difference to risk breaking the law.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 10:28:11 AM EDT
[#47]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... Some us don't have emission tests. Removing a catalyst in a post 1995 vehicle will cause the check engine lamp to illuminate which is failure to pass annual inspection. No testing, just a fail. Uh, some of us don't have ANY annual inspection........emission or safety.......NOTHING. You register and insure your vehicle and you drive. |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 10:35:21 AM EDT
[#48]
Quoted: Quoted: Quoted: Quoted: Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... Some us don't have emission tests. Removing a catalyst in a post 1995 vehicle will cause the check engine lamp to illuminate which is failure to pass annual inspection. No testing, just a fail. Uh, some of us don't have ANY annual inspection........emission or safety.......NOTHING. You register and insure your vehicle and you drive. Yet. But soon. http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/159397-obama-floats-plan-to-tax-cars-by-the-mile |
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 10:36:47 AM EDT
[#49]
Damn Kieth J is smart.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 5/5/2011 10:40:28 AM EDT
[#50]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Removing a catalyst in a post 1995 vehicle will cause the check engine lamp to illuminate which is failure to pass annual inspection. No testing, just a fail.
Quoted:
Some us don't have emission tests.
Probably wouldn't pass inspection if they look for it... You can get dummy sensors or signal modifiers for most OBDII cars with multiple O2 sensors. The signal modifiers let you keep the same sensors, they just alter the signal to the ECU to make it read within the acceptable range as if the cat was still there... And still, no improvement in mileage. The problem is pushing 5500 pounds around town with a projected area of 30 square feet with a coefficient of drag in the 0.35 range. My 2k C1500 Suburban with the 5.3 will get 20 MPG at 60 MPH. But being 2WD, it has less projected area and a better CD. Drag is based on the square of speed multiplied by one half the area*drag coefficient*air density. Since area and density are fixed, the most you can do is improve the drag coefficient or just slow down on the highway. In the city, most of that fuel is wasted in brake wear. Keep it light and again, slower. No way! There is a silver bullet somewhere out there that will allow F350s weighed down carrying ammo hoards on 37 inch mud tires to get 30 mpg at 85 mph.
|
|
|
Win a FREE Membership!
Sign up for the ARFCOM weekly newsletter and be entered to win a free ARFCOM membership. One new winner* is announced every week!
You will receive an email every Friday morning featuring the latest chatter from the hottest topics, breaking news surrounding legislation, as well as exclusive deals only available to ARFCOM email subscribers.
AR15.COM is the world's largest firearm community and is a gathering place for firearm enthusiasts of all types.
From hunters and military members, to competition shooters and general firearm enthusiasts, we welcome anyone who values and respects the way of the firearm.
Subscribe to our monthly Newsletter to receive firearm news, product discounts from your favorite Industry Partners, and more.
Copyright © 1996-2024 AR15.COM LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Any use of this content without express written consent is prohibited.
AR15.Com reserves the right to overwrite or replace any affiliate, commercial, or monetizable links, posted by users, with our own.
