First thing is to simplify the problem and get everything into consistent units. I'd suggest converting everything into inches for example from the mixture of feet and inches measurements. Then multiply and you get cubic inches for volume, etc.
Second problem is just checking to see how many grams in a quarter pound, then multiply.
Google has an easy conversion engine:
https://www.google.com/search?q=grams+to+pounds+conversion
0.250 lbs = 113.3981 grams.
113.3981 x 0.15 x 9 = 153.0874 calories
The careful/correct way to do it is to include all the units in the formulas to make sure that your units are all correct also. If you haven't ever done that before you can try working those out, when folks have been doing them for a long time they kind of mentally work out the units and just do the numbers. IE, Grams * (calories/grams) = calories * (grams/grams) = calories.
ETA:
I'll start on the first problem also.
Slab 24in x 12in x 4in = 1152 in^3 = 1 bag = 80 pounds concrete = 4.50 dollars
Desired walkway = 30 inches wide * 30 feet (360 inches) long * 4 inches thick = 43200 in^3
(43200 in^3/walkway) /(1152 in^3/bag) = 37.5 bags per walkway
37.5 bags * 80 pounds concrete per bag = 3000 pounds of concrete
37.5 bags * 0.75 gallons water per bag * 8 pounds per gallon = 225 pounds of water
3000 + 225 = 3225 pounds of mixed concrete
Assuming you can't buy half a bag of concrete, you'd need 38 bags so 38 * $4.50 = $171.00