Actually it was designed to improve the 30-06.
The intial design of the 308 was to:
1. Keep the same ballististics with 147 to 180 grain bullets.
2. Improve propellant ignition uniformity, the 06 case was too long .. designed for the the propellant used back then.... they even used cordite and shit.
3. The shortened overall length speeded up the cyclic rate, especially of belt fed machineguns... the shorter the bolt throw.. the faster the weapon will run.
4. Weight factor.
The 30-06 is still a super versatile round.. especially since you can load it to near 300 Win Mag. With the accuracy advantage of NOT- using the belted case for the headspacing.
It has it's place in modern, high velocity, heavy bullet, useage. especially in bolt guns.
30 cal. all the way for power punchin' wind resistant accuracy