I have seen skunks shoot a straight stream of stink, & I have seen the shoot a mist that coverd everting like a cloud.
Their smell can make you vomit it's so strong. It doesn't disapear for many months! As a kid I trapped in the state of WI, & caught & shot quite a few that got to my coon sets. I would shoot them with a .22 & hang them from the trap on the mearest tree. I would collect my trap wien they had rotted off for a fresh boiling.
I skined a few just for fun, & had a few sent in for tanning. Even after the chemical tanning process I could still smell the skunk stink on the hids.
My best guess on distance would be 15 ft or less for a stream, & if the breeze is good, & lot farther for the mist cloud.
As far as reload time I think it;s a day or two "if" they use all their stink juice. I think they try to conserve because they are vaunerable when out.
Just for fun, skunk is one the favorite foods of the great horned owl. Yum yum.