A Shot At Crime: Gun Ownership and The Effects On Victimization
By: Andrew Allen Caldwell
Owning a firearm in America is almost as ritualistic as attending ones hometown opening day baseball game. According to the last survey conducted about gun ownership in America in 1994, 35% of households own a gun, with more than 192 million firearms in circulation in the country. That’s almost one firearm for every two people. Guns are used in America for both the purpose of offense and defense. Every day citizens throughout this country carry a weapon on them for protection against criminals and to hopefully deter being a victim of crime. With this research, I plan to study the affect of gun ownership, and how it correlates with becoming or not becoming a victim of violent crime. In short, does owning and carrying a weapon make you less likely to become victimized? Learning the reasons why people own and carry firearms are vital to our nation so we can determine what if any new legislation needs to be introduced into our legislative process the to protect our future rights as citizens for self defense. Our second amendment was written by our forefathers to give us an opportunity to protect ourselves and our families from the life of crime. Since written, that part of the constitution has been debated for decades on whether owing a firearm is our “natural right” to give us the tools for protection. It is essential to learn the affects of gun ownership to see if in fact there is a direct link to gun ownership and crime.
Literature Review
Since the invention of the firearm, its’ use has been widely debated throughout nations of the world. Self-defense, home protection, competition; all are widely used excuses for owning firearms. These tools are spread throughout the world and are in the hands of nearly three out of every five household in the United States (Miller, 2002). Even though guns in America are used in large quantities in homicides, there are countries in this world that exist with guns, and without (much) homicide in comparison to the US.
Switzerland is a prime example of a country that maintains a low homicide rate, and has a high population percentage that owns firearms. Halbrook states “Among its population of 7.3 million (which includes 1.4 million foreigners) Switzerland experiences an extremely low crime rate. Regarding willful homicide offenses, in 2001 there were 86 actual homicides and 89 attempted homicides, for a total of 175” (Halbrook 2003:143). A startling fact considering that at age twenty, every male is issued (and must keep ready) a Sig 551 fully automatic assault rifle in their household (Halbrook, 2003). The Swiss are so accustomed to shooting that almost every town in the nation has a shooting range where all the townspeople participate in competitions. The Swiss have a feeling of being protected because of their firearms proficiency, as even Adolf Hitler in World War II decided against invading the well armed nation.
Across the Atlantic Ocean, firearms are looked upon in a much different light. Though “the vast majority of Americans believe they will either be more or less safe when others in the community acquire guns” (Hemenway 1995:8), the debate on control presses on in the public as well as our legislative bodies. The recent Supreme Court decision of District of Columbia v. Heller simplifies the age old argument of the second amendment pertaining to individuals of the United States, solidifying the stance that guns are just merely tools used for different purposes.
A random survey study done by Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway found that “In areas with more firearms, people of all ages were more likely to be murdered, especially with handguns” (Miller 2002:5). This study is somewhat non-conclusive, because Miller was not able to discover the causation for the higher instance of homicide. What Miller failed to answer was why there were more firearms in certain areas. Though he does include the statement “However, guns used in homicides, especially homicides committed by adolescents and young adults may often be obtained on the street” (Miller 2002:6), Miller and his associates failed to explain who the homicides were committed against and what (if anything) gun ownership had to do with it. It wasn’t the law-abiding gun owners committing the homicides, it was the criminals.
Hopefully this research will help tie together the act of owning firearms in the house, and what affect that has on the act of becoming (or not becoming) a victim of violent crime in ones local neighborhood. Taking previous research into account, this research will help show the perceived feelings of safety and security by gun owners, and non gun owners alike. Also, this research should dispel the rumor (and findings of Miller) that more guns in the hands of law-abiding citizens equate to more violent crime.
Methods
This research deals with gun owners and their apparent feelings of safety. Since the proposed research is based on gun ownership, non-gun owners will contribute nothing to the results, so non firearm owners can be omitted.. To be able to select a population of people who own firearms, I will utilize the General Social Survey (GSS) which is seen as the best survey to determine gun ownership in American households. Conducted bi-annually, the GSS is conducted by a personal interview with a national area probability sample of 3000 adults. The sample is chosen to be representative of each of the nine census regions in the United States, but not each individual state (Miller 2002). With this sample, I will have available to me the individuals that own firearms, thus leading to the ability to conduct telephone and/or questionnaire research.
The design includes both questionnaires (dealing from type/amount of firearms owned expanding to victimization questions) and public records analysis. With public records, accounts of specific victimization occurrences will be available from the local police departments. With this data, information can be found about the victim including (but not limited to) whether or not the victim was armed. Also, occurrences of self defense can be found through agency records by reviewing instances of homicides to see if they were in self-defense. This data would then be complied into a spreadsheet to show victims of violent crime and their ability to fight off their attacker with a weapon. Questionnaires will be given to the sample population to ask specific questions dealing with firearms ownership and the amount of times the participant has been victimized by violent crime. Using contingency questions, data will be retrieved by asking simple questions such as the amount of weapons owned to if the participant carries the weapon with him/her daily. From there, further questions will be asked including if the participant has ever been victimized or if they feel safer that they own a firearm.
Working with other researchers, the study should take no longer than a few months, as half of the data has already been found. It is just a matter of collecting the agency records and administering the surveys to complete the data set. Surveys need to be sent out to each and every participant in the survey, as well as follow up calls to make sure answers are given and the survey is collected. Agency records analysis will involve traveling to each local precinct where the sample lives to collect the data relevant to homicides. Analyzing the data will be done by using programs such as SPSS and excel. Once all of the information from the surveys and records analysis is retrieved, the data will be interpreted and entered into the respective programs. Using SPSS, drawing conclusions from the data set will be relatively easy as the program will statistically show the results in every specific category. The correlation between gun ownership and victimization will be able to be seen by reviewing the data collected from both records and questionnaires.
Conclusion
While there are many differing opinions on gun safety and gun control, one might assume that a concise conclusion may never be reached as to whether the presence of weapons make us safer as a public in America. While America continues to have the highest homicide rate in the world as well as the highest gun ownership, it is hard to deduce that more guns lead to safer lives. As Switzerland is a prime example of civilization with a high ownership of firearms and an extremely low homicide rate (Halbrook, 143), this suggests that there more underlying reasons as to why our homicide rate is so high. This research is aimed to dispel the myth in America that the presence of firearms in the home is a threat to ones’ security, while it in fact it may even help deter crime or save an individual’s life. Clearly as past research shows, more guns do not equal more crime.
Bibliography
Azrael, Deborah. State and Local Prevalence of Firearms Ownership Measurement, Structure, and Trends. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Vol. 20, No.1, March 2004
Baker, Dennis J. Collective Criminalization and the Constitutional Right to Endanger Others Criminal Justice Ethics Vol. 28, No.2, October 2009, 168-200
Cook, Phillip J. Defensive Gun Uses: New Evidence From A National Survey. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. Vol.14 No.2 1998
Halbrook, Stephen P. Citizens In Arms: The Swiss Experience. Texas Review of Law & Politics Vol.8 No.1 141-173
Hemenway, David. Firearms and Community Feelings Of Saftey. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology Vol.86 No. 1995
Miller, Matthew. Rates of Household Firearm Ownership and Homicide Across US Regions and States, 1988-1997. American Journal of Public Health Vol.92 No.12 December 2002
Young, Robert L. Perceptions of Crime, Racial Attitudes, and Firearm Ownership. Social Forces Vol.64 No.2 December 1985
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