Longer, tapered lower-pressure rifle rounds were not designed without purpose. Quite the contrary is true. Reliable feeding from magazines into mil-spec chambers, and subsequent reliable extraction, were/are easier to achieve with those oldsters. Parenthetically, had the .223 been designed with more taperand capacity it's ride through history might have been less bumpy.........maybe we would never have needed O rings.
Just look at the various .300 Mags going back to Newton's designs. Or look at the sequence .30-40, .30-06, 7.62X51. As steels, manufacturing tolerances, ammunition dimensional and ballistic uniformity all improved the need for long, tapered rounds has diminished.
We may not see new rounds resembling the .303 British, but I doubt that we'll see the third world adopt a 7.62 X 39 (or 5.45) Improved round anytime soon. Economics is one reason: whatever ballistic advantages obtain may not be worth the extra hassle involved in making short, fat, straight-walled cartridges work for X dollars, or rubles/unit.
I would go further and suggest that this applies to the West to some degree, as well.
The case for the short .45 is easier to make. The old ACP has alot more powder space than it needs. But even here, reliable feeding becomes more difficult as cartridge OAL decreases.
Interesting topic. But I'm an old fart. Probably someone like me said similar things 100 years ago about the new-fangled smokeless powders and the small-bore high-velocity rounds they made possible.
Sam