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What is magnetic particle tested?
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Magnetic particle inspection is a nondestructive inspection methods used for defect detection. The method is used to inspect a variety of product forms such as castings, forgings, and weldments. The only requirement from an inspectability standpoint is that the component being inspected must be made of a ferromagnetic material such iron, nickel or cobalt, or some of their alloys. Ferromagnetic materials are materials that can be magnetized to a level that will allow the inspection to be effective. Many different industries use magnetic particle inspection for determining a component's fitness-for-use.
Some examples of industries that use magnetic particle inspection are the structural steel, automotive, petro-chemical , power generation and aerospace industries. Underwater inspection is another area where magnetic particle inspection may be used to test such things as offshore structures and underwater pipelines.
The magnetic particle inspection method along with liquid penetrant inspection is one of the oldest and most widely utilized forms of nondestructive testing currently in use today. Magnetic particle testing uses magnetic fields and small magnetic particles, such as iron filings to detect flaws in components. In theory, it is a relatively simple concept. When a bar magnet is broken in the center of its length, two complete bar magnets with magnetic poles on each end of each magnet will result. If the magnet were cracked but not broken completely in two, a north and south pole will form at each edge of the crack, just as though the break had been completed. If iron particles were then sprinkled on this cracked magnet, these particles will be attracted not only to the ends of the magnets poles but also to the edges of the crack.
In magnetic particle inspection there are primarily two types of magnetic fields used to inspect parts, longitudinal and circular. Longitudinal magnetic fields are typically created by placing the part in a strong external magnetic field generated by a conducting copper wire that has been looped or wrapped to form a coil. A coil would be used to inspect such things as a steel rod or a valve from a car engine that might have cracks or inclusions in it. A magnetizing coils is a standard feature on a wet horizontal inspection unit but smaller field portable coils are also available. A wet horizontal unit is a large stationary piece of equipment that not only has head-shot and central conductor fixtures but also has a coil permanently mounted to it. The magnetic particles are held in a suspension of either water or oil and are supplied by a pump and hose on the system. These particles are of either the visible type, which means that they can be seen in normal white light, or the fluorescent type. Fluorescent particles require the use of a blacklight, which causes the particle indications to illuminate. This is much the same as causing a blacklight poster to glow in the dark.