Quoted:
The Navy standard: If you are shown a rifle, and can recognize it AS a rifle, you're qualified as a Marksman. If you can tell (without instruction) which end the bullet comes out, you're qualified as a Sharpshooter. If you can then load the rifle without an AD, you qualify as an Expert. Sorry, but I just had to bust on 'em one time.[;)]
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Sadly, that's not too far from the truth. The average sailor is not required to qualify with any weapons. The routine they do in boot camp is not a "qualification" so much as it is a "familiarization". Nowadays they only fire something like 50 total handgun rounds in boot camp. I don't even think they're anymore scored but the rules change so often I can't be sure. Any armed shipboard watchstanders are required to be qualified annually. Shore Patrol (MP's) are required to qualify more frequently and with a more varied course of fire. The exact requirements can be found at:
http://neds.nebt.daps.mil/Directives/3591_1c.pdf
Sailors seldom qualify with rifles (though this is changing) and it is usually the M-14. Most qualifications are on 9 mm and shotgun. The watchstander qualifications are a pass/fail item and no awards/ribbons/medals are given for the different levels. Sometimes sailors will be given the chance (though not often enough) to qualify for a sharpshooter/marksman/expert designation. Different course of fire than the security qualification, however.
The shameful bottom line is that Sailors are generally very poor, and often unsafe, users of small arms. The only groups that get regular training are security forces, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams, SEAL teams, shipboard Visit-Board-Search-Seizure (VBSS) teams, Special Warfare Combatant Craft (SWCC) Crewman, and, to a lesser extent, Seabees. Overall these groups are a very small portion (<1%) of the Navy.
But, hey, if you can't solve the problem with 5 inch guns, tomahawks, F-18's, 20MM cannons, and an emarked MEU then a bunch of fumble triggered sailors ain't gonna make the difference!