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AR15.COM
1/26/2005 5:34:53 AM EDT
News Article

Another AR-15 thread

Gist of the story--a bunch of Milwaukee people have successfully resisted armed criminals, by shooting back, locking them up, disarming them, etc.  The store owner, who wasn't present, wasn't comfortable with his employee's actions, and police say fighting crime is dangerous and best left to the professionals.     MPD does suggest training, which I agree with.

I hate advice like 'not fighting back'.  Why not let people read the situation and decide what course of action is best for them?  It's worked 4-for-4 lately, and I don't feel any sympathy for the criminals victims of the victims vigilantes.

Edited to clarify my opinion about advice about not fighting back.
1/26/2005 9:00:50 AM EDT
[#1]
I don't feel for them either and I agree with the training, but I don;t agree with leaveing the crime fighting to the cops. Unless of course they are there when it happens. But if they are not, fuck that shit fight back especially if your in a situation where you ass is on the line. I'm not giving up my life without one hell of a fight.
1/26/2005 6:30:35 PM EDT
[#2]

"I'm definitely gonna talk to her. The police kinda talked to me a little bit and said that's not really a good idea. If the fella was violent or if it was a real gun, it could have been a real problem," Dienhart said.


well shit - it wasn't a real gun. Maybe they could tell.

Agreed with training - I finished LFI I a while back, and it really opened my eyes. Shooting someone can ruin your life, I hope to God I never have to do it. Sometime, however, people are left no choice.

Fighting crime is everyone's job - and protecting your life - well, we know the Supreme Court has said the cops dont have to do it, so really, its up to you. Yeah, it's too bad the MPD views this trend as alarming. The alarming thing is the amount of violent crime in Milwaukee, that we still don't have a CCW law, and that the criminals haven't learned to fuck off yet.


"Somebody's luck will run out, and we don't want that to happen," Milwaukee police officer Mark Buetow said.


Sound like it already did - for 4 bad guys.
1/26/2005 11:09:29 PM EDT
[#3]
If you have the means (armed), fight back!  If I would have been armed when I got robbed last year, the guy would be worm food now instead of out there free.
1/31/2005 3:06:56 AM EDT
[#4]

Quoted:

I hate advice like 'not fighting back'.  Why not let people read the situation and decide what course of action is best for them?  It's worked 4-for-4 lately, and I don't feel any sympathy for the criminals victims of the victims vigilantes.



Glenn.

I for one appreciate your attitude towards armed folks defending themselves.  I wish more LEO's would look at the situation the way you do.

Not to nitpick, but the folks in the article were NOT vigilantes, and to call them that does them a grave disservice.  They were all citizens who simply took their own self-protection as a responsibility, over  abdicating that right to the state.

If they went "dirtbag hunting" after they had been victimized, then it would be correct to call them "vigilates".

Edit:  Did I just jump the gun? It looks like you may have meant "vigilante" as sarcastic, taken in context.  If so, please forgive my indignation.
1/31/2005 4:51:55 AM EDT
[#5]

Quoted:
Edit:  Did I just jump the gun? It looks like you may have meant "vigilante" as sarcastic, taken in context.  If so, please forgive my indignation.



Yeah, I meant it sarcastically, but no forgiveness is called for.  My wife and I had a similar discussion after I finished reading Gavin deBecker's "Protecting the Gift".  I was commenting that deBecker was strongly anti-gun, and she pointed out I was just having a knee-jerk reaction to any criticism of firearms.

When we're constantly pummeled in the media (whether about gun control or self-defense), it's easy to misinterpret things like this.  You made your point quite well.
1/31/2005 8:13:02 PM EDT
[#6]
Speaking about Milwaukee... how about the sheriff's "get the guns off the street" and their random stopping of "suspicious" looking cars and asking "if it's all right to search your car"?

Has anybody reported on just HOW MANY guns have been confiscated, and the COST PER GUN in manpower. If there's two officers in the car thats a $100 per hour, $800 per shift.

If somebody has a gun why would they be so stupid to agree to have the car searched? What do the officers do if the driver says NO?  I believe there still is such a thing as a search warrant for cause.

I hate that city and it's stinking Democratic politics. You'll NEVER see a CCW law in Milwaukee. No matter what the  rest of this dumb state does if they ever get rid of Doyle.  If I could I'd move to any other state.  I figure it costs me an extra $10,000 a year in various taxes to live in this lousy state, compared to any number of southern states.
2/1/2005 4:11:41 AM EDT
[#7]

Quoted:
Speaking about Milwaukee... how about the sheriff's "get the guns off the street" and their random stopping of "suspicious" looking cars and asking "if it's all right to search your car"?

Has anybody reported on just HOW MANY guns have been confiscated, and the COST PER GUN in manpower. If there's two officers in the car thats a $100 per hour, $800 per shift.

If somebody has a gun why would they be so stupid to agree to have the car searched? What do the officers do if the driver says NO?  I believe there still is such a thing as a search warrant for cause.

I hate that city and it's stinking Democratic politics. You'll NEVER see a CCW law in Milwaukee. No matter what the  rest of this dumb state does if they ever get rid of Doyle.  If I could I'd move to any other state.  I figure it costs me an extra $10,000 a year in various taxes to live in this lousy state, compared to any number of southern states.



Somone posted an artical about it yesterday. As for CCW in milwaukee, you'll see it as soon as the CCW law is passed. Milwaukee county won't opt out, and even if they do, it's only for issuing them. All that means is you'd have to go to a different county to apply.
2/1/2005 6:40:35 AM EDT
[#8]

Quoted:
Speaking about Milwaukee... how about the sheriff's "get the guns off the street" and their random stopping of "suspicious" looking cars and asking "if it's all right to search your car"?

Has anybody reported on just HOW MANY guns have been confiscated, and the COST PER GUN in manpower. If there's two officers in the car thats a $100 per hour, $800 per shift.

If somebody has a gun why would they be so stupid to agree to have the car searched? What do the officers do if the driver says NO?  I believe there still is such a thing as a search warrant for cause.

I hate that city and it's stinking Democratic politics. You'll NEVER see a CCW law in Milwaukee. No matter what the  rest of this dumb state does if they ever get rid of Doyle.  If I could I'd move to any other state.  I figure it costs me an extra $10,000 a year in various taxes to live in this lousy state, compared to any number of southern states.



I hear there's room in california.  I don't think that wisconsin is that bad compared to some of the others out there.

Oh, and since you want search warrants to search cars, I'm sure that you would love it if you were stopped and had to wait for hours for a search warrant to be drawn up, looked over by a judge, signed, and brought out to the stop, issued to you, and the search conducted.

I'm not saying that the police should have the right to search any vehicle for any reason but to imply that officers stop cars for no reason is just plain dumb.  Any officer that does that would be subject to disapline, up to and including losing their job, and if they DID find something, what ever was found would be suppressed in court as "fruits of the poisonous tree".

Oh, and if you want to cry about any item costing the tax payers more money in police man power, try figuring out what the cost per BEER is to the taxpayers.  If there was no alcohol, police forces could most likely be cut in half and still be affective.

Ok flame away.
2/1/2005 8:11:48 AM EDT
[#9]

Quoted:

...but to imply that officers stop cars for no reason is just plain dumb...

Ok flame away.



Get in yer nomex, pal.

[hijack & rant]

I have zero issues with the legitimate law enforcement duties of local cops, period. That said:

There are the rare "bad" or "dirty" cops out there, but more importantly, their are many LEOs that have an "us vs. the world" attitude that, when put into action, stretches the line between legitimate law enforcement, and illegitimate extracurricular activity meant to make a “bust”.  It is a reality, and it happens more than a lot of LEOs would like to admit.

For example:

Between the ages of 18 and 25, I would estimate that I got pulled over, searched and/or sobriety-tested no less than 40 times.  Out of those stops, THREE resulted in speeding tickets (2 were actually deserved).  The others?  I got several warnings for "bald" tires (they had plenty of tread), several more for having one license plate bulb burned out (out of two - which is completely legal for everything except a commercial vehicle), and an awful lot of “Your eyes look bloodshot/glassy” (I wear contacts), and “Hmm.  You missed your nose, are you certain you haven’t been drinking/smoking pot” (never breathalyzed, ‘cause it was obvious I was lucid and straight).  After that, I was left to pick up the contents of my car's interior on the side of the road on several occaisions, with no more than a "You're free to go. Have a nice day."

My real crime?  I was a young male with long hair, and drove a Camaro.  I guess I looked like a “stoner” or something.

I can see why the black community gets pissed every time a guy with 20" rims gets pulled over, and asked "are their any guns in the car?" (although I understand that one – especially because the officer’s safety might be at risk). Hell, I' don't even mind "profiling" all that much, but it does get ridiculous after a while.

In the last 6 years, I've been pulled over twice (Legit. I was speeding, probably “in excess” both times).  Both times the nice officer took one look at the "I support the XXXX Policeman's Union" stickers in the back window, ran my license, and let me go.  Why?

I cut my hair, drive a nice SUV with the company logo, and have the aforementioned stickers where an officer can’t miss them.

Bottom line, cops may not pull folks over for "no" reason, but there's a LOT of fishing that goes on based on hunches and profiling, rather than APB’s and actual infractions.  Some of it may even be legitimate (I'm thinking the FL Sate police on "Alligator Alley", and the GA SP patrolling up I95).  To suggest otherwise is to ignore the reality of how LEOs behave.

Now before you write me off as some tinfoil-wearing Anti-LEO ACLU apologist, please realize that I'm the first of my family in 3 generations NOT to go into LE.  I have nothing but respect for the guys in blue that put their life on the line so that I can sleep well at night.  Men like my Dad, Grandad, and his father before him…good cops that saw in black and white, and tied very hard not to blur that line between the two. (ETA: I'd bet Glenn_R fits in there as well)

[/hijack & rant]

Almost forgot:


Any officer that does that would be subject to discipline, up to and including losing their job, and if they DID find something, what ever was found would be suppressed in court as "fruits of the poisonous tree".


Unfortunately, that comes after the commission of a fishing expedition and complaint to the officer’s superiors.

In 94 or 95, I got pulled over 4 times in 6 weeks by the same rookie trooper out of FonDu Lac on 41.  The fifth time he chased me down in his personal vehicle for passing him after a shift change (long story).  After the two of us talked with a Dodge County Deputy acquainted with both of us, it was decided that the harassment would stop, or there would be a report (I mentioned "Civilian Review Board" and they got quiet).

I don't want to see anybody lose their job, and yet at the same time; IF the cops need to err, they need to err on the side of The Constitution, and that does not seem to happen all that much at the present.

The Milwaukee situation is no different, other than the gray area actions and abuses of individual officers are somehow legitimized by the pronouncement of the Sheriff or Chief that these stops are now “policy” to “get guns off the street” and “make our communities safer”.



Want to make things safer for me?  Let this licensed-to-CCW-in-28-other-states-but-can’t-carry-outside-my-house citizen provide for his own protection, and for the protection of those around him.



ETA:


I hear there's room in california.  I don't think that wisconsin is that bad compared to some of the others out there.


From what I understand, WI has a higher ratio of LEOs per capita than CA.  Take that little nugget for what it's worth, and think about it the next time your taxes get raised.
2/2/2005 4:30:54 AM EDT
[#10]
And in the great city of Milwaukee exactly what is a ILLEGAL firearm?  A gun that isn't registered?  Maybe a .22 semi-auto with a silencer?  Maybe a loaded fully automatic Mac 10?  A sawed off shotgun?

Sure seems to me there's a heck of a lot of flaws in the program "to get the guns off the street".  What if driving through town in my station wagon or van or suv and my unloaded Kimber .45 is in the rear in a zippered pistol case with no loaded magazines.  And there's a couple of used paper targets I used at the range.  Or maybe there's no targets because I tossed them at the gun range.

Do I say, "sure, search away".  Or do I call my lawyer first?  Maybe refuse to have the car searched because I'm not sure if I'm illegal or not.

I feel this whole program is purely for public relations.  Notice how the number of guns taken off the street are never mentioned. Or how many manhours have been used.  How many hours are budgeted?  How many guns is the goal?  How is it decided if it's worth continuing?  Are there two man patrol cars that are assigned nothing else to do besides this program?  Aren't there any more fruitful ways to protect the public?
2/2/2005 6:24:49 AM EDT
[#11]

Quoted:
And in the great city of Milwaukee exactly what is a ILLEGAL firearm?  A gun that isn't registered?  Maybe a .22 semi-auto with a silencer?  Maybe a loaded fully automatic Mac 10?  A sawed off shotgun?

Sure seems to me there's a heck of a lot of flaws in the program "to get the guns off the street".  What if driving through town in my station wagon or van or suv and my unloaded Kimber .45 is in the rear in a zippered pistol case with no loaded magazines.  And there's a couple of used paper targets I used at the range.  Or maybe there's no targets because I tossed them at the gun range.

Do I say, "sure, search away".  Or do I call my lawyer first?  Maybe refuse to have the car searched because I'm not sure if I'm illegal or not.

I feel this whole program is purely for public relations.  Notice how the number of guns taken off the street are never mentioned. Or how many manhours have been used.  How many hours are budgeted?  How many guns is the goal?  How is it decided if it's worth continuing?  Are there two man patrol cars that are assigned nothing else to do besides this program?  Aren't there any more fruitful ways to protect the public?



I don't live near milwalkee but it sounds like you do.  Have you ever asked any of these questions to any of your elected officals down there?  Budgets and stats like those you mention are public records.  Get those questions answered and go to your city county meetings and address the problems.  Get involved if you think the government is being run poorly.
2/2/2005 6:58:44 AM EDT
[#12]

Quoted:

Quoted:
And in the great city of Milwaukee exactly what is a ILLEGAL firearm?  A gun that isn't registered?  Maybe a .22 semi-auto with a silencer?  Maybe a loaded fully automatic Mac 10?  A sawed off shotgun?

Sure seems to me there's a heck of a lot of flaws in the program "to get the guns off the street".  What if driving through town in my station wagon or van or suv and my unloaded Kimber .45 is in the rear in a zippered pistol case with no loaded magazines.  And there's a couple of used paper targets I used at the range.  Or maybe there's no targets because I tossed them at the gun range.

Do I say, "sure, search away".  Or do I call my lawyer first?  Maybe refuse to have the car searched because I'm not sure if I'm illegal or not.

I feel this whole program is purely for public relations.  Notice how the number of guns taken off the street are never mentioned. Or how many manhours have been used.  How many hours are budgeted?  How many guns is the goal?  How is it decided if it's worth continuing?  Are there two man patrol cars that are assigned nothing else to do besides this program?  Aren't there any more fruitful ways to protect the public?



I don't live near milwalkee but it sounds like you do.  Have you ever asked any of these questions to any of your elected officals down there?  Budgets and stats like those you mention are public records.  Get those questions answered and go to your city county meetings and address the problems.  Get involved if you think the government is being run poorly.



Milwaukee has some wierd quirks with gun laws. Especially NFA stuff. Other than that though the laws are basicly the same as anywhere else in the state. What the task force is doing is trying to get guns out o the hands of people who should not, by law, have them. They sit around waiting for somone to break a traffic law, stop them and ask premission to search, in some cases they don't need it, say suspended license or the like, but they still ask. If you are a felon driving around with a gun in the car and you let them search and they find it, TFB for you. If you are not a felon and you let them search your car and tey find an uncased firearm in the car, they can get you for that. Granted I don't think they can keep the gun as there is a fine for the ofence and if the guns value is greater than the fine, keeping the gun is considered an excessive fine(that has gone through the courts here in Wisconsin IIRC.

Now if your in a crime ridden section o town on your way home from the range, and you roll a stop sign and these guys pull you over, and ask to search you have two options, tell them no, or tell them yes, and as long as you are legaly transporting the firearms there is nothing they can do about it.
2/2/2005 4:24:46 PM EDT
[#13]
My comments are as such.  I always carry gun in my car.  Legally.  They should have no problem with this.  It is not illegal to shoot at the range, hunt, etc.  If they try and take them away for no apparent reason that would be unconstitutional for our state.  I don't believe it's their intent to do that to law abiding citizens.  I could be wrong and it probably is different for different officers because some of the laws or case law is a little vague.  But regardless, I follow the laws stated in the hunting regs.  Therefore I can show an officer what I'm following.

As far as defending yourself, I hope any leo's don't take this the wrong way but they are not designed to protect you/us from a violent crime.  There's no way they can.  They can only "respond" to a call.  By then it's too late.  I would never trust them to stop an attacker on me or my family when they are not everywhere.  It's not their fault, it's impossible.  Thus we are allowed to, must, defend ourselves.  Even though there can be varying repercussions for doing so.  Which is the case with any thing if someone is hurt bad.  For example; the guy who got in a car accident and killed someone due to talking on his cell phone got a sentence.  If you defend yourself to the extent of killing someone, there are no garraunty's, except that you might be still alive.  After that, your guess is as good as mine as to what will happen.  You could be totally vindicated or you could be sued by the family.  Or you could've picked the wrong criminal to shoot because he might be related to Gwen Moore or someone like that. (sorry, just had to add that in here)

I saw a quote in soldier that said," a gun in hand is better than a cop on the phone"  
2/2/2005 4:27:28 PM EDT
[#14]
Sorry, the quote was in soldier of fortune.
2/2/2005 4:54:02 PM EDT
[#15]
Didn't want to give the impression I live in that rotting city. I did 20 years ago, for the first 45 years of my life. But then it wasn't the way much of it is now.

We are 30 miles away in the Holy Hill area and I never drive into Milwaukee unless it's an absolute emergency.

As long as Doyle is there there will be no CCW in WI.  And we tend to keep Governors a long time. The minority vote cheating system in Milwaukee, Madison, Racine, Janesville and Kenosha produce enough crooked votes to give him the office as long as he wants.

I got a non-resident CCW from Minnesota but we'll have to move to one of the 10-11 states that honors it to use it.  Might be doing that in 6 months or so.  I hope.
2/3/2005 4:43:43 AM EDT
[#16]

Quoted:
...Granted I don't think they can keep the gun as there is a fine for the ofence and if the guns value is greater than the fine, keeping the gun is considered an excessive fine(that has gone through the courts here in Wisconsin IIRC...



Actually, if a gun is present "during the comission of a crime" (are all your tail lights working?), then it is subject to seizure, regardless of the fine.

I'll look up the code...
2/3/2005 5:36:16 AM EDT
[#17]

Quoted:

Quoted:
...Granted I don't think they can keep the gun as there is a fine for the ofence and if the guns value is greater than the fine, keeping the gun is considered an excessive fine(that has gone through the courts here in Wisconsin IIRC...



Actually, if a gun is present "during the comission of a crime" (are all your tail lights working?), then it is subject to seizure, regardless of the fine.

I'll look up the code...



I'll have to find the case but the guy basicly was busted for CCW, they fined him the max under law and than were going to keepthe guns, he argued that the valuse of the gun was higher than the value of the fine and as he recieved a maximum fine for the offence keeping the guns was an excessive fine. Court disagreed, appeals court agreed. Now thats if I remember it correctly. I'llhave to dig like crazy to find the case so I'm off to dig a cyber hole to china.
2/3/2005 5:40:16 AM EDT
[#18]
Ok so it's not the case I was thinking about but it is one that is only two years old.


COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

January 23, 2002

Cornelia G. Clark

Clerk of Court of Appeals
 NOTICE
 
 This opinion is subject to further editing. If published, the official version will appear in the bound volume of the Official Reports.

A party may file with the Supreme Court a petition to review an adverse decision by the Court of Appeals. See Wis. Stat. § 808.10 and Rule 809.62.
 

     
Appeal No.
01-0814
 Cir. Ct. No. 99-CF-415

STATE OF WISCONSIN
IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT III

 
 
In re Return of Property in State v. Bergquist:

State of Wisconsin,

Appellant,

v.

Kirk J. Bergquist,

Respondent.

 


APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Eau Claire County: BENJAMIN D. PROCTOR, Judge. Affirmed.

Before Cane, C.J., Hoover, P.J., and Peterson, J.

¶1. CANE, C.J.The State appeals from an order requiring it to return two guns to Kirk Bergquist. The State argues that pursuant to Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b), the guns cannot be returned to Bergquist because he committed a crime involving their use.1 The circuit court ordered the guns returned to Bergquist after concluding that forfeiture of the guns would violate the United States Constitution's prohibition of excessive fines. We conclude that nonreturn of weapons used in the commission of a crime, pursuant to §968.20(1m)(b), constitutes a forfeiture subject to the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 2 Because the State's appeal is based solely on its theory that the Excessive Fines Clause is inapplicable, the State chose not to argue, in the alternative, that the forfeiture in this case was not an excessive fine. Accordingly, we affirm the order without addressing the merits of whether the forfeiture of Bergquist's guns would be excessive under the Eighth Amendment. 3

Background

¶2. At issue is the return of two guns that were seized from Bergquist after neighbors reported that he fired the guns toward their property. Bergquist was originally charged with two counts of recklessly endangering safety, contrary to Wis. Stat. §941.30(2), but later pled no contest to one count of disorderly conduct, a Class B misdemeanor.

¶3. At the plea hearing, the State argued that the guns must be forfeited pursuant to Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b). Bergquist argued that the guns should be returned to him because they were not used in the commission of the crime of disorderly conduct and because their forfeiture would violate the Excessive Fines Clause.

¶4. In support of his second argument, Bergquist presented evidence that the total value of the two guns is between $5,000 and $7,150. 4 He argued that because the maximum fine for disorderly conduct is $1,000, and the fine imposed in Bergquist's case was $100, forfeiture of the guns would be excessive.

¶5. The circuit court concluded that the guns had been used in the commission of a crime and were therefore subject to Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b). However, the court concluded that forfeiture of the guns would be grossly disproportionate to the maximum penalty for the crime and therefore unconstitutional under the Excessive Fines Clause. Accordingly, the court ordered that the guns be returned to Bergquist. The circuit court denied the State's motion to rescind its order and this appeal followed.


Standard of Review

¶6. At issue is whether the nonreturn of weapons used in the commission of a crime,pursuant to Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b), constitutes a forfeiture subject to the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment. Resolution of this issue requires us to interpret §968.20, as well as the Eighth Amendment as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. See State v. Hammad, 212 Wis. 2d 343, 348, 569 N.W.2d 68 (Ct. App. 1997) (assuming applicability of Eighth Amendment to states). Statutory and constitutional interpretations are questions of law that we review de novo. See State v. City of Oak Creek, 2000 WI 9, ¶18, 232 Wis.2d 612, 605 N.W.2d 526 (interpretation of a constitutional provision is subject to independent review); State v. Dean, 163 Wis. 2d 503, 510, 471 N.W.2d 310 (Ct. App. 1991) (interpretation of a statute is a question of law reviewed de novo).

Discussion

¶7. We begin our discussion with Wis. Stat. §968.20, entitled "Return of Property," which governs the disposition of seized property. The statute provides in relevant part:

(1) Any person claiming the right to possession of property seized pursuant to a search warrant or seized without a search warrant may apply for its return to the circuit court for the county in which the property was seized or where the search warrant was returned. The court shall order such notice as it deems adequate to be given the district attorney and all persons who have or may have an interest in the property and shall hold a hearing to hear all claims to its true ownership. If the right to possession is proved to the court's satisfaction, it shall order the property, other than contraband or property covered under sub. (1m) or (1r) or s. 173.12 or 173.21 (4), returned if:

(a) The property is not needed as evidence or, if needed, satisfactory arrangements can be made for its return for subsequent use as evidence; or

(b) All proceedings in which it might be required have been completed.

(1m) (a) In this subsection:

1. "Crime" includes an act committed by a juvenile or incompetent adult which would have been a crime if the act had been committed by a competent adult.

2. "Dangerous weapon" has the meaning given in s.939.22 (10).

(b) If the seized property is a dangerous weapon or ammunition, the property shall not be returned to any person who committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon or the ammunition. The property may be returned to the rightful owner under this section if the owner had no prior knowledge of and gave no consent to the commission of the crime. Property which may not be returned to an owner under this subsection shall be disposed of under subs. (3) and (4).

¶8. Although the term "forfeiture" does not appear in this statute, our supreme court has recognized that the result of refusing to return a weapon to a person who committed a crime using the weapon is a forfeiture. See In re Return of Property in State v. Perez, 2001 WI 79, ¶61, 244 Wis.2d 582, 628 N.W.2d 820. In Perez, our supreme court considered whether a person who is convicted of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon under Wis. Stat. §941.23 (1997-98) has "committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon," as that phrase is used in Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b), so that a dangerous weapon seized from the person may not be returned. See id. at ¶1. The court concluded that "the legislature intended forfeiture of dangerous weapons in this situation." Id. at ¶61 (emphasis added). The court also refers to §968.20(1m)(b) as a "forfeiture statute" several times. Id. at ¶¶59, 60.

¶9. We are convinced that even though Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b) does not contain the word "forfeiture," it prescribes one. The determinative issue, therefore, is whether the statute prescribes a forfeiture subject to the Excessive Fines Clause.

I. The Excessive Fines Clause is applicable if the forfeiture's purpose is, in part, punishment.

¶10. The Excessive Fines Clause limits the government's power to extract payments, whether in cash or in kind, as punishment for an offense. Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602, 609-10 (1993). Austin recognized that the critical inquiry in deciding whether the Excessive Fines Clause applies to a forfeiture statute is not whether it is based in civil or criminal law, but rather whether the forfeiture is punishment.5 See id. at 610-11, 622. Even if the forfeiture statute serves multiple purposes, the Excessive Fines Clause applies if the forfeiture serves in part to punish. Id. at 610, 618.

II. The Excessive Fines Clause applies here because the purposes of Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b) include punishment.

¶11. Applying the Austin analysis here, we conclude that the Excessive Fines Clause applies to Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b). In State v. Williams, 148 Wis. 2d 852, 858, 436 N.W.2d 924 (Ct. App. 1989), we recognized that §968.20(1m)(b) satisfies two legitimate police power objectives: deterrence and preventing the same firearms from being used again in criminal activities. In Perez, our supreme court agreed with this assessment and stated:

The first purpose of [Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b)] is deterrence, which is one of the principal objectives of the criminal law. The criminal code increases the penalty for an offender who commits a crime while possessing, using, or threatening to use a dangerous weapon. Wis. Stat. §939.63. The increased penalty is intended to discourage the use of dangerous weapons in the commission of crimes by creating fear of additional punishment. Logically, the loss of dangerous weapons through forfeiture is also intended to deter the use of dangerous weapons in the commission of crimes. Conversely, the return of dangerous weapons to persons who have committed crimes with them undermines deterrence. If people understand the risk of forfeiture on top of criminal prosecution, they are more likely to comply with the law.

Perez, 2001 WI 79 at ¶54. This language convinces us that the goal of the statute is, in part, punishment. Therefore, §968.20(1m)(b) is subject to the Excessive Fines Clause. 6

¶12. Our conclusion that the statute provides punishment is reinforced by the fact that Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b) protects innocent gun owners whose guns are used in the commission of a crime. If the gun owner "had no prior knowledge of and gave no consent to the commission of the crime," then the gun is returned to the owner. Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b). Although the goal of preventing the use of guns in future crimes could arguably be remedial, the innocent owner provision in §968.20(1m)(b) provides an element of punishment that prevents us from concluding that the goal of §968.20(1m)(b) is solely remedial. Cf. In re 1650 Cases of Seized Liquor, 721 A.2d 100, 108 (Vt. 1998) (holding civil forfeiture of transported liquor not punishment because the statute does not give the owner a defense based on innocence, the illegally transported liquor has become contraband and the forfeiture remedy is part of a scheme to control the transport and delivery of liquor in Vermont). 7

III. Application of the Excessive Fines Clause.

¶13. The circuit court concluded that forfeiture of the guns in this case would be grossly disproportionate to the maximum penalty for the crime and therefore would be unconstitutional under the Excessive Fines Clause. In doing so, the court applied the proportionality test that we applied in State v. Boyd, 2000 WI App 208, ¶14, 238 Wis. 2d 693, 618 N.W.2d 251. In Boyd, we explained that courts determine whether a forfeiture violates the Excessive Fines Clause by considering the following factors: (1) the nature of the offense; (2) the purpose for enacting the statute; (3)the fine commonly imposed upon similarly situated offenders; and (4) the harm resulting from the defendant's conduct. See id.

¶14. Here, the State offers no argument concerning these factors. Although its approach is consistent with its theory that the Excessive Fines Clause is inapplicable, the result is that the State has failed to contest Bergquist's assertion that forfeiture of his guns would violate the Excessive Fines Clause. Arguments that are not refuted are deemed admitted. Charolais Breeding Ranches, Ltd. v. FPC Secs. Corp., 90 Wis. 2d 97, 109, 279 N.W.2d 493 (Ct. App. 1979). Accordingly, we affirm without further discussion the circuit court's conclusion that forfeiture of the guns would violate the Excessive Fines Clause and its order that the State return the guns to Bergquist.

By the Court.-Order affirmed.

Recommended for publication in the official reports.

1 All statutory references are to the 1999-2000 version unless otherwise noted.

2 The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution proclaims: "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." U.S. Const. amend. VIII.

3 Because we affirm the circuit court's order on these grounds, we do not address Bergquist's argument that the guns need not be forfeited because he did not "use" the guns when he committed disorderly conduct.

4 The State does not dispute the value estimates. The testimony suggested that the high value is based in part on the guns' rarity.

5 Because Austin recognized that the civil or criminal nature of a forfeiture statute is not determinative, we need not address whether Wis. Stat. §968.20(1m)(b) is technically a civil or criminal forfeiture statute. See Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602, 610-11, 622 (1993).

6 This is not the first time we have concluded that a Wisconsin forfeiture statute is subject to the Excessive Fines Clause. Applying the Austin analysis, we concluded that Wis. Stat. § 973.075(1)(b) is subject to the Excessive Fines Clause. See State v. Hammad, 212 Wis.2d 343, 351-52, 569 N.W.2d 68 (Ct. App. 1997).

7 In contrast, the court in In re 1650 Cases of Seized Liquor, 721 A.2d 100 (Vt. 1998), suggested that the Excessive Fines Clause would apply to a forfeiture action brought against the truck that carried the liquor because the Vermont Legislature had chosen to provide an innocent owner defense for the transporter. See id. at 108.


2/3/2005 1:11:06 PM EDT
[#19]

Quoted:
Actually, if a gun is present "during the comission of a crime" (are all your tail lights working?), then it is subject to seizure, regardless of the fine.

I'll look up the code...



Here's the statute I think you're talking about.  I've been with you up to this point, FMD, but I think you've misinterpreted the statutory language.  968.20(1m)(b) states, "...the [weapon] shall not be returned to any person who committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon...  The property may be returned to the rightful owner...if the owner had no prior knowledge of and gave no consent to the commission of the crime."

The key words:  "involving the use of the weapon".  Driving without tail lights won't fit that definition.  Now if you're sticking the gun in the face of someone in the bar, or committing burglary while armed...well, I'd put poor odds on you seeing the gun again  

The part I don't like is, "...may be returned to the rightful owner..."   Assuming my lawyerese is correct, that's not a requirement, but an option.  If someone steals your gun, robs someone, and is then caught, the police may return your gun--not "shall" return it.  The owner might get stuck having to get a court order the return of the gun.
2/4/2005 5:15:38 AM EDT
[#20]

Quoted:

The key words:  "involving the use of the weapon".  Driving without tail lights won't fit that definition...

...<burglers and stolen weapons stuff omitted>

...The owner might get stuck having to get a court order the return of the gun.



That's the stat I was thinking of, Glenn (thanks for doing my research for me ). I did a bit of research on this when I was really interested in being a test case for open carry/DC, and here's  the way I see it (IANAL):

IIRC, there is a case where the WISC ruled on the word "use" in this statute regarding a contractor from FL who was carrying a bunch of guns in his pickup (he had a CCW from FL, and claimed he thought it was okay).  When he pulled over during a traffic stop, the cop noticed an uncased rifle, and searched.  There were other firearms cased and unloaded (think GOPA) along with a pistol on his person, but the cased guns were still seized.  The SC ruled that the seizure and subsequent destruction of those weapons was righteous, based on the fact that they were present and "used" during the commision of a crime (in this case having a loaded weapon in a vehicle, and carrying a concealed weapon).

Note that at no time was a gun "used".  There was no brandishing, threatening, etc.  They offending weapons were merely present.

The WISC interpreted the word "use" in this case to include any firearm in the custody of a defendant when an infraction occured (now I gotta look up case law, dammit ..that is unless you wanna do my research, G ).

So now we're back to the whole "what constitutes loaded?" "what constitutes concealed?" "what constitutes DC?", etc. arguments.

Bottom line, if you're pulled over for a broken tail light, are searched (either by consent or otherwise), and have ANY firearm that is stored in a way OTHER than consistant with the GOPA, it could very well end up getting all of them seized, and most likely destroyed.

<anecdotal evidence>

I know a gentleman that was t-boned on a motocycle when coming back from a hunting trip.  A shotgun and a pistol were in his custody, cased and unloaded when he got hit.  The old lady that hit him (driving without headlights) claimed that he ran the stop sign.

Both firearms were seized, and they attempted to charge him with CCW.  Even though the charge was dropped, it took the lawyers months to get it figured out, and get the guns back.

He was lucky, as the guns could very well have been destroyed, and then he would have had to sue the city to get their market value returned to him.

</anecdote>

The may language applies to the stolen gun situation you describe, and is certianly a concern.  The issue is that the actual owner will have to petition the court, provide evidence that he had no knowledge of the intent of the perp to commit a crime, and then it's still up to a judge to decide if he gets it back.  The big issue is "who notifies the owner?", and that answer is unclear.
2/4/2005 6:25:30 AM EDT
[#21]

Quoted:
IIRC, there is a case where the WISC ruled on the word "use" in this statute regarding a contractor from FL...<snip>...The SC ruled that the seizure and subsequent destruction of [accompanying] weapons was righteous, based on the fact that they were present and "used" during the commision of a crime...<snip>



I'd like to read that decision.  The FL guy was using a gun to commit a crime--CCW in this case--so that uncased gun is a legal seizure.  I'd guess?? the other guns were seen as simultaneous tools.  Let me explain with an example.  If I find person "A" prying open a door with a crowbar at 2:00am, and person "B" standing behind "A" carrying a hammer, I'd charge "B" with, among other things, possession of burglary tools.  Now the hammer wasn't physically "used", but the hammer was an accessory of sorts, in that in this particular case its mere presence showed its purpose.  "Accessory tool"? Probably some sort of fancy lawyer name for that...  My example would be a justifiable charge, but in your FL example my "accessory tool" idea seems too much of a stretch.  I'm seriously interested in reading that decision.


...The offending weapons were merely present.


The uncased gun was "used" to commit CCW (point of clarification only).  How they decided the other guns were "used", I don't know but want to find out.


The WISC interpreted the word "use" in this case to include any firearm in the custody of a defendant when an infraction occured (now I gotta look up case law, dammit ..that is unless you wanna do my research, G ).


Nahh, I'm not going to research that one, I leave it in your capable hands.  But I am interested, so please let me know the name of the case.

I still read the statute as saying as long as the firearm isn't used in the crime, everything's good.  Admittedly, having a gun uncased in a vehicle is "using" the gun to commit CCW, so I see how part of your case went down.  But, your tail light example still doesn't fly  
2/4/2005 6:42:18 AM EDT
[#22]
Glenn I bring to you the decision of the WSC regarding the case that FMD was tlaking about.



SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN

Case No.: 99-3108-CR

Complete Title

of Case:



In re the Return of Property in: State of Wisconsin v. Carlos Perez:

State of Wisconsin,

Plaintiff-Appellant-Petitioner,

v.

Carlos Perez,

Defendant-Respondent.

REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS

2000 WI App 115

Reported at: 235 Wis. 2d 238, 612 N.W.2d 374



Opinion Filed: June 29, 2001

Submitted on Briefs:

Oral Argument: December 1, 2000

Source of APPEAL

COURT: Circuit

COUNTY: Ozaukee

JUDGE: Walter J. Swietlik

JUSTICES:

Concurred: WILCOX, J., concurs (opinion filed).

CROOKS, J., joins concurrence.

Dissented:

Not Participating:

ATTORNEYS: For the plaintiff-appellant-petitioner the cause was argued by Jeffrey J. Kassel, assistant attorney general, with whom on the briefs was James E. Doyle, attorney general.

For the defendant-respondent there was a brief by R. Douglas Stansbury and Levy & Levy, S.C., Cedarburg, and oral argument by R. Douglas Stansbury.

An amicus curiae brief was filed by Grant F. Langley, city attorney, and Christopher J. Cherella, assistant city attorney, Milwaukee, on behalf of the City of Milwaukee.



2001 WI 79

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports.

No. 99-3108-CR

STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT

In re the Return of Property in: State of

Wisconsin v. Carlos Perez:

State of Wisconsin,

Plaintiff-Appellant-Petitioner,

v.

Carlos Perez,

Defendant-Respondent.

REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. Reversed and cause remanded.

¶1. DAVID T. PROSSER, J. This is a review of a published decision of the court of appeals, State v. Perez, 2000 WI App 115, 235 Wis. 2d 238, 612 N.W.2d 374, affirming an order of the Ozaukee County Circuit Court, Walter J. Swietlik, Judge. The issue presented is whether a person who is convicted of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon under Wis. Stat. § 941.23 (1997-98)1 has "committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon," as that phrase is used in Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b), so that a dangerous weapon seized from the person may not be returned.

¶2. The circuit court and the court of appeals held that the phrase "the use of the dangerous weapon" requires more than possession of a dangerous weapon in committing a crime before Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) bars return of the weapon. We disagree with this conclusion for the offense of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon, in which conscious possession of a dangerous weapon is an element of the crime.

¶3. We hold that a person convicted of going armed with a concealed and dangerous weapon contrary to Wis. Stat. § 941.23 has "committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon," and that the return of the dangerous weapon or weapons seized from the person is prohibited by Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b). Accordingly, we reverse.

I. FACTS

¶4. The facts central to this case are not in dispute. Carlos Perez, a resident of Florida, is a self-employed tile artisan who came to Wisconsin to work on the construction of a home. On November 14, 1998, in the City of Mequon, Perez drove his van into a ditch while attempting to make a U-turn. Two Mequon police officers were dispatched to the scene to assist Perez and his passenger, Alfredo Guerrero. Upon their arrival, the officers examined the vehicle for damage and observed three firearms on the floor of the van. They saw a Colt .45 caliber semi-automatic handgun, a 12 gauge semi-automatic shotgun, and a 30-06 semi-automatic rifle. The Colt .45 handgun and the 12 gauge shotgun were uncased and loaded. The rifle was cased and unloaded. The loaded handgun was on the floor next to the driver. The other guns were on the floor within the driver's reach. The officers also saw three knives, a foot-long wooden/metal club, ammunition for each of the firearms, an ammunition belt, two gun cases, a flashlight, and two hunting magazines.

¶5. Perez informed the officers that he had a permit to carry concealed weapons in Florida. He said he did not realize that he could not carry the weapons in Wisconsin. The officers seized the weapons and ammunition. On December 18, 1998, the State filed a criminal complaint charging Perez and Guerrero as parties to the crime of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon, contrary to Wis. Stat. §§ 941.23 and 939.05.2

¶6. A plea and sentencing hearing was held before Judge Swietlik on July 30, 1999. Perez was represented by counsel, and he appeared via telephone. He entered a "no contest" plea to the charge. The State recommended a fine of $200, the payment of costs, and the forfeiture of the dangerous weapons seized from Perez's van.3 Perez's attorney agreed to the fine and imposition of costs but informed the court that Perez intended to seek the return of the seized weapons under Wis. Stat. § 968.20. Perez and his attorney told the court that Perez was in Wisconsin on business at the time of the incident and was licensed to carry concealed weapons in his home state for the purpose of hunting. The court accepted Perez's plea and imposed a $200 fine and $130 in costs. It also instructed Perez's attorney to file a motion regarding the return of Perez's weapons.

¶7. On August 24, 1999, Perez filed a motion pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 968.20 seeking the return of all the items seized by the Mequon Police Department incident to his arrest. The court held a hearing on September 7, 1999. The State asserted that the return of the dangerous weapons was prohibited by § 968.20(1m)(b), which provides in part: "If the seized property is a dangerous weapon or ammunition, the property shall not be returned to any person who committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon or the ammunition." The State acknowledged that the firearms were not fired but asserted that they were involved in the crime of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon "by their mere presence."

¶8. The circuit court granted Perez's motion, stating: "f these weapons had been in any way used in the commission of an offense I would certainly not grant the motion." The circuit court noted that Perez was licensed to carry concealed weapons in Florida and that the weapons "were in no way used in the commission of a crime." The court also ordered the return of Perez's other property, including his knives and club. However, it did not allow the return of any of the ammunition found in the van.

¶9. On appeal, the court of appeals affirmed. In his majority opinion, Judge Richard S. Brown utilized a dictionary definition of the verb "use" to ascertain the word's common and approved usage, writing:

Webster's defines "use" as "to put into action or service," to "apply to advantage" and "to carry out a purpose or action by means of." WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 2523-24 (1993). In terms of the statute, these meanings show that the mere fact that the firearm is with a person is not enough. The firearm had to be part of the crime in some way.

Lest our holding be misunderstood, we hasten to clarify that the firearm's involvement in the crime need not be active. . . . But, if a person simply has a gun uncased in a car and the car goes into a ditch, that person has neither put the gun into action or service, availed himself or herself of it, nor carried out any purpose or action by means of the weapon. In Perez's case, there is no evidence that Perez . . . "used" the firearms to commit a crime as that term is understood in everyday language.

Perez, 235 Wis. 2d at ¶¶6-7.

¶10. In a lively dissent, Judge Neal P. Nettesheim wrote: "I cannot accept the majority's conclusion that a defendant who has admitted arming himself or herself with a dangerous weapon and then concealing the weapon has not used the weapon for purposes of Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b)." Id. at ¶15 (Nettesheim, J., dissenting). Judge Nettesheim found the word "use" in the statute ambiguous and "so elastic and varied that it can carry multiple meanings in a given context." Id. at ¶16. He concluded that "the legislature intended the statute to apply to persons convicted of going armed with a concealed and dangerous weapon." Id. at ¶24.

¶11. This court granted the State's petition for review.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶12. The issue in this case requires us to interpret Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) and apply the statute to undisputed facts. It therefore presents a question of law that we review de novo, Teague v. Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians, 2000 WI 79, ¶17, 236 Wis. 2d 384, 612 N.W.2d 709, benefiting from the analyses of the circuit court and court of appeals.

III. ANALYSIS

¶13. When interpreting a statute, this court's goal is to discern the intent of the legislature, and to give it effect. County of Jefferson v. Renz, 231 Wis. 2d 293, 301, 603 N.W.2d 541 (1999). The general rule in statutory interpretation is that all words and phrases should be construed according to common and approved usage unless otherwise defined in the statutes. Wis. Stat. § 990.01(1); State v. Curiel, 227 Wis. 2d 389, 404, 597 N.W.2d 697 (1999).

¶14. We first examine the plain language of the statute to determine if it clearly and unambiguously sets forth the legislative intent. State v. Setagord, 211 Wis. 2d 397, 406, 565 N.W.2d 506 (1997). If it does, we go no further in interpreting the statute. However, if the statutory language is unclear or ambiguous, we may look to the scope, history, context, subject matter, and object of the statute to determine the legislative intent. Teague, 236 Wis. 2d at ¶17. Statutory language is ambiguous if it is capable of being understood in two or more different ways or in two or more different senses by reasonably well-informed persons. Id.; Setagord, 211 Wis. 2d at 406.

A. Statutory Language

¶15. Wisconsin Stat. § 968.20 governs the disposition of seized property. It provides in part:

(1) Any person claiming the right to possession of property seized pursuant to a search warrant or seized without a search warrant may apply for its return to the circuit court for the county in which the property was seized or where the search warrant was returned. The court shall order such notice as it deems adequate to be given the district attorney and all persons who have or may have an interest in the property and shall hold a hearing to hear all claims to its true ownership. If the right to possession is proved to the court's satisfaction, it shall order the property, other than contraband or property covered under sub. (1m) or (1r) or s. 951.165, returned if:

(a) The property is not needed as evidence or, if needed, satisfactory arrangements can be made for its return for subsequent use as evidence; or

(b) All proceedings in which it might be required have been completed.

Wis. Stat. § 968.20 (emphasis added). The State contends that Perez's firearms represent property covered under subsection (1m) of the statute, which consists of two paragraphs, (a) and (b).

¶16. Wisconsin Stat. § 968.20(1m)(a) defines the terms "crime"4 and "dangerous weapon."5

¶17. Wisconsin Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) then provides:

(1m)(b) If the seized property is a dangerous weapon or ammunition, the property shall not be returned to any person who committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon or the ammunition. The property may be returned to the rightful owner under this section if the owner had no prior knowledge of and gave no consent to the commission of the crime. Property which may not be returned to an owner under this subsection shall be disposed of under subs. (3) and (4).

¶18. There is no dispute that "going armed with a concealed and dangerous weapon" fits within the definition of "crime" and that the firearms at issue are "dangerous weapons." Perez owned these dangerous weapons and they are no longer needed in any criminal action or proceeding. Hence, Perez is entitled to the return of his dangerous weapons unless they are "contraband" or "property covered under [Wis. Stat. § 968.20](1m) or (1r) or [Wis. Stat. §] 951.165." Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1).

¶19. The criminal complaint charged that Perez "did unlawfully go armed with a concealed and dangerous weapon." The language in the complaint tracked the language in Wis. Stat. § 941.23, under which he was charged. When Perez entered his plea of no contest to the charge, he conceded the three elements of the offense. He conceded that he was a person, not a police officer, who went armed with a dangerous weapon. He conceded that he was aware of the presence of the dangerous weapon. He conceded that the dangerous weapon was concealed. State v. Dundon, 226 Wis. 2d 654, 660-61, 594 N.W.2d 780 (1999) (citing State v. Fry, 131 Wis. 2d 153, 182, 388 N.W.2d 565 (1986); Wis JI--Criminal 1335; State v. Walls, 190 Wis. 2d 65, 71-72, 526 N.W.2d 765 (Ct. App. 1994)).

¶20. In State v. Asfoor, 75 Wis. 2d 411, 433-34, 249 N.W.2d 529 (1977), we explained that "going armed" means that "the weapon was on the defendant's person or that the weapon must have been within the defendant's reach and that the defendant was aware of the presence of the weapon." We reasoned in Asfoor that "[c]oncealing or hiding a weapon precludes inadvertence." Id. at 433 (emphasis added).

¶21. Under Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b), neither dangerous weapons nor ammunition may be returned to a person who has "committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon or the ammunition." Does going armed with a dangerous weapon--one element in a § 941.23 offense--involve "the use of the dangerous weapon" in the commission of a crime? We think that it does.

¶22. We focus first on the words of the statute. In the phrase "a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon," the word "use" is a noun, not a verb. We know that "the" is a "definite article." H. Ramsey Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook 173, 768 (5th ed. 1992). Definite articles may be described as "noun markers" or "noun determiners," because they always signal that a noun follows. Id. In the phrase "committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon," "use" is the noun immediately following the article "the."

¶23. The noun "use" is not defined in the statute. Under long-standing tradition, the court may examine a recognized dictionary to determine the common and ordinary meaning of a word. State v. Chrysler Outboard Corp., 219 Wis. 2d 130, 168, 580 N.W.2d 203 (1998). Inasmuch as the word "use" appears as a noun, we think it is appropriate to examine its definition as a noun.6

¶24. The word "use" has numerous dictionary definitions when employed as a noun. One definition is "the act of using; the application or employment of something for a purpose." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1966 (3d ed. 1992). Another definition is "the power or ability to use something."7 Id.

¶25. The numerous and varied definitions of the noun "use" indicate that the term may carry a meaning broader than that of "active use." There is no question that some of the approved and common definitions of the noun "use" connote active utilization, but others do not. For instance, a person who owns a firearm for "use" in self-defense may never actually operate the firearm. The person's "use" may consist of "the power or ability to use" the firearm. In that instance, the person's "use" of the firearm is latent, not active.

¶26. Wisconsin Stat. § 939.63 provides a perfect illustration of how the noun "use" has various meanings, some of which do not connote active utilization. The statute reads in part: "Penalties; use of a dangerous weapon. (1)(a) If a person commits a crime while possessing, using or threatening to use a dangerous weapon, the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed by law for that crime may be increased." Wis. Stat. § 939.63.

¶27. In the title of the statute, "use" appears as a noun: the "use of a dangerous weapon." By contrast, the text of the statute contains verb forms of "use": possessing, using, or threatening to use. The statute implies distinctions among the verb forms "possessing," "using" or "threatening to use," but all these verb forms fall under the heading "use of a dangerous weapon."

¶28. The exact same principle is shown in Wis. Stat. § 941.20, entitled "Endangering Safety by [the] use of dangerous weapon." This section reads in part:

(1) Whoever does any of the following is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor:

(a) Endangers another's safety by the negligent operation or handling of a dangerous weapon; or

(b) Operates or goes armed with a firearm while he or she is under the influence of an intoxicant; or

(c) Intentionally points a firearm at or toward another.

Wis. Stat. § 941.20 (emphasis added).

¶29. Operating, handling, and intentionally pointing imply active utilization, but the phrase "goes armed with" is the same phrase that appears in the carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon statute, and the latter statute requires nothing more than conscious possession. All these words and phrases fall under the heading "Endangering safety by use of a dangerous weapon." See also Wis. Stat. § 941.26 ("Machine guns and other weapons; use in certain cases; penalty."). Possession is listed in § 941.26 under the heading "use."

¶30. To sum up, the dictionary definitions of the noun "use" include "the power or ability to use something," and that meaning of the word is broad enough--"elastic" enough in the language of Judge Nettesheim--to include conscious possession with an ability to use. "Going armed with a concealed and dangerous weapon" clearly adds up to conscious possession with an ability to use. Thus, going armed with a concealed and dangerous weapon is one example of "commit[ting] a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon."

¶31. The statute yields at least three other clues that our interpretation is correct. First, employment of the word "involving" in the phrase "involving the use" in Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) is evidence that the statute applies to more than the "active use" of a dangerous weapon. "Involving" is a broad term. "Involve" is defined as: "1. To contain as a part; include. 2. To have as a necessary feature or consequence; entail." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 950 (3d ed. 1992). The offense of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon certainly involves a dangerous weapon. It involves the use of the dangerous weapon to effect conscious possession, including placement of the weapon on the defendant's person or within the defendant's reach. "A firearm may be involved in the commission of some crimes by its mere presence." State v. Williams, 148 Wis. 2d 852, 861, 436 N.W.2d 924 (Ct. App. 1989) (Dykman, J., concurring).

¶32. Second, the statute also contains the following sentence: "The property may be returned to the rightful owner under this section if the owner had no prior knowledge of and gave no consent to the commission of the crime." Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b). Here, it cannot be denied that Perez had prior knowledge of and gave consent to the commission of the crime. He committed the crime. Looking beyond this case, however, the statute prevents a rightful owner of a dangerous weapon from reobtaining the dangerous weapon if the owner has prior knowledge of or gives consent to the commission of a crime by another person with the dangerous weapon. When the owner simply allows "the use" of his dangerous weapon in the commission of a crime, the owner cannot get the dangerous weapon back. The forfeiture does not require the owner's "active use" of the dangerous weapon.

¶33. Third, Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) prohibits the return of ammunition to a person who committed a crime involving the use of the ammunition. In one sense, ammunition is actively used when it is fired. However, used ammunition is not likely to be the subject of a motion under § 968.20, because people do not go to court to obtain spent shells. Section 968.20 must therefore refer to uses of the ammunition other than firing it. Ammunition can be actively used when it is placed in a firearm; but if placing ammunition in a firearm is active use, then placing a firearm on the person or within the reach of a person also must be active use.

¶34. Perez contends that this interpretation of "use" is incorrect, that the legislature intended a narrower interpretation requiring active use. In his brief, Perez argued that he is not the type of person contemplated by the seizure statute, that he was not actively using the dangerous weapons in any manner, and that it was the legislature's intent and the plain and unambiguous meaning of the statute that only those dangerous weapons actually "used" in the commission of a crime would be subject to seizure and forfeiture.

¶35. The State itself acknowledges that "the statute may reasonably be read to require that the defendant made a more active use of the weapon--by brandishing or firing it, for example--during the commission of a crime." The State contends, however, that the statute is ambiguous, so that resort to extrinsic evidence to elucidate the legislature's intent is warranted.

¶36. The language of the statute supports our interpretation. Nonetheless, because reasonable minds could interpret the phrase "involving the use" in § 968.20(1m)(b) in different ways, we find the statute ambiguous. Therefore, we may look to the scope, history, context, subject matter, and object of the statute to clarify its meaning and confirm our interpretation. Teague, 236 Wis. 2d at ¶17.

B. Legislative History

¶37. We begin by examining the legislative history of Wis. Stat. § 968.20. Section 968.20 and its predecessors have governed the disposition of property seized in Wisconsin since at least 1849. Section 4, ch. 142, Laws of 1849 provided that once seized property was no longer needed as evidence, stolen or embezzled property was to be returned to its owner, and all other property was to be destroyed. The statute contained no special provision for the disposition of firearms or other dangerous weapons. § 4, ch. 142, Laws of 1849.8

¶38. In 1925, the legislature created Wis. Stat. § 363.04 as part of a new statutory numbering system. Section 363.04 (1925) was virtually identical to § 4, ch. 142, Laws of 1849.

¶39. In 1949, the legislature amended § 363.04 to provide for the treatment of firearms and like material.9 § 233, ch. 631, Laws of 1949.10

¶40. In 1969, the legislature created Wis. Stat. § 968.20 when it enacted § 63, ch. 255, Laws of 1969. This newly created statute did not contain a special provision for the disposition of firearms.11 Williams, 148 Wis. 2d at 856. An accompanying note stated:

This section is a new provision which establishes a simplified procedure for obtaining the return of property seized with or without a warrant. Obviously if such property is needed for use as evidence, it need not be returned unless arrangements can be made for its subsequent use as evidence. Contraband need never be returned.

Judicial Council Criminal Rules Committee Note, § 63, ch. 255, Laws of 1969.

¶41. In 1977, the legislature decided to add a subsection for the disposition of firearms, creating subsection 968.20(3).12 This new subsection did not distinguish firearms involved in the commission of a crime. Williams, 148 Wis. 2d. at 857.

¶42. In 1979, the legislature repealed and recreated Wis. Stat. § 968.20(3), but again did not specifically account for firearms involved in the commission of a crime.13 § 844, ch. 221, Laws of 1979.

¶43. In 1983, the legislature created § 968.20(1m), for the first time providing different treatment for firearms involved in the commission of a crime.14 The bill that created § 968.20(1m)(b), (1983 A.B. 661), was drafted by Bruce Feustel of the Legislative Reference Bureau (LRB), at the request of the Department of Justice. Legislative Reference Bureau Drafting File for 1983 Wis. Act 278, Legislative History of 1983 Assembly Bill 661.

¶44. A memorandum to the LRB from Howard Bjorklund, Administrator of the Law Enforcement Services Division, on the subject of "Proposed Legislation/Firearms Disposition" stated in part: "You've inquired about the above subject and provided memoranda from Mike Zaleski. I agree with Mike that sec. 968.20, Wis. Stats., is in need of revision. There certainly should be no opportunity for the return of a firearm to the perpetrator of a crime." Legislative Reference Bureau Drafting File for 1983 Wis. Act 278, memorandum from Howard Bjorklund to the Legislative Reference Bureau (Oct. 25, 1982).

¶45. The Department of Justice's "drafting request" for 1983 A.B. 661 stated the subject of the bill as "no return of firearm to perpetrator."15 Legislative Reference Bureau Drafting File for 1983 Wis. Act 278, Drafting Request (Dec. 6, 1982).

¶46. The LRB's analysis of 1983 A.B. 661 provides in relevant part:

This proposal revises the treatment of seized firearms or ammunition. If the person committed a crime with a firearm or ammunition, the firearm or ammunition may not be returned to him or her. The rightful owner of a seized firearm or ammunition may reobtain that property if the owner had no prior knowledge of and gave no consent to the commission of the crime.

Legislative Reference Bureau Drafting File for 1983 Wis. Act 278, Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau. The LRB's analysis does not refer to committing a crime "involving the use of the firearm," but to committing a crime "with" the firearm.

¶47. "With" is a broad term that carries multiple common and accepted meanings, including "in the company of; accompanying," "having as a possession," and "by the means or agency of." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 2050 (3d ed. 1992). Therefore, the LRB analysis indicates that the drafters of 1983 A.B. 661 believed that the legislature intended to prohibit the return of a seized firearm to a person who committed a crime "in the company of," "accompanying," "having as a possession," or "by the means or agency of" the firearm.

¶48. The legislative intent behind Wis. Stat. § 968.20 was made abundantly clear in late 1994. Shortly after the 1994 elections, Representative John Dobyns wrote to the LRB, asking for a bill draft for the coming session. Dobyns wrote:

Under current law, people convicted of carrying a concealed weapon are later allowed to retrieve from the police agency the concealed weapon that was confiscated. I would like language drafted that would require forfeiture of the weapon upon conviction. The weapon can either be destroyed or used for educational purposes by the police department.

Legislative Reference Bureau Drafting File for 1995 Wis. Act 157, Bill Request Form (Nov. 18, 1994).

¶49. Bruce Feustel, Senior Legislative Attorney, responded to the request, stating:

You asked for a draft to require the forfeiture of a weapon after a person has been convicted of the crime of carrying a concealed weapon. I mentioned that I thought we had a statutory requirement that at least covered firearms. . . . The current applicable law is contained in s. 968.20(1m)(b) . . . This brings up 2 questions. First, does "going armed" with a concealed and dangerous weapon (as required in s. 941.23) meet the standard of "a crime involving the use of a firearm?" From a common sense reading, "going armed" involves a type of use of a weapon. . . . You may want to go over this statute with the person who raised this problem. If this existing statute is fine as is, then we don't need to make any changes. . . . We could draft a specific statute dealing only with the crime of carrying a concealed weapon. If the problem involves the word "use" in s. 968.20(1m)(b), we could change the wording to be "use, carry or possess" instead.

Legislative Reference Bureau Drafting File for 1995 Wis. Act 157, memo from Bruce Feustel to Representative John Dobyns (Dec. 16, 1994).

¶50. Representative Dobyns, in turn, replied that the problem he had in mind did not involve firearms. The "problem was occurring where the confiscated weapons were knives, throwing stars, etc.-items that were weapons but not firearms. Revise restriction on firearms in 968.20(1m)(b) broaden to weapons." Legislative Reference Bureau Drafting File for 1995 Wis. Act 157, memo from Representative John Dobyns to Bruce Feustel, Senior Legislative Attorney (December 20, 1994).

¶51. Hence, the bill ultimately drafted simply expanded the scope of § 968.20(1m)(b) from "firearms and ammunition" to all "dangerous weapons and ammunition." The LRB analysis of the Dobyns bill reads in part:

Current law also includes a specific provision stating that a seized firearm may not be returned to a person who committed a crime with the firearm. This bill broadens the restriction to prohibit the return of any dangerous weapon that a person used in connection with a crime. Further, all of the current provisions for the retention or destruction of seized firearms are made applicable to seized dangerous weapons.

Legislative Reference Bureau Drafting File for 1997 Wis. Act 157.

¶52. We conclude from this legislative history that 1983 Wis. Act 278, which prohibited the return of a firearm seized from persons who "committed a crime involving the 'use' of the firearm," reflected a serious legislative concern with firearms involved in the commission of a crime. The intention then and the intention confirmed in 1994-1995 was that a dangerous weapon seized in a carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon conviction should not be returned.

C. Purpose, Scope, and Context

¶53. We next examine the purpose, scope, and context of Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b), and find that they also support a determination that the statute prohibits the return of seized dangerous weapons to those who have committed the crime of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon. The court of appeals has identified two purposes of § 968.20(1m)(b):

First it operates before the fact to deter persons from using firearms in the commission of crimes. Second, and most important, it minimizes the likelihood that a firearm which has been used in the commission of crime will find its way back into the hands of the criminal or into the hands of his or her associates who may likewise be inclined to criminal activity.

Williams, 148 Wis. 2d at 858.

¶54. The first purpose of the statute is deterrence, which is one of the principal objectives of the criminal law. The criminal code increases the penalty for an offender who commits a crime while possessing, using, or threatening to use a dangerous weapon. Wis. Stat. § 939.63. The increased penalty is intended to discourage the use of dangerous weapons in the commission of crimes by creating fear of additional punishment. Logically, the loss of dangerous weapons through forfeiture is also intended to deter the use of dangerous weapons in the commission of crimes. Conversely, the return of dangerous weapons to persons who have committed crimes with them undermines deterrence. If people understand the risk of forfeiture on top of criminal prosecution, they are more likely to comply with the law.

¶55. The second purpose is to minimize the likelihood that a dangerous weapon will find its way back into the hands of a criminal or the criminal's associates. The objective not to rearm persons who have abused dangerous weapons is sensible, because these persons may be inclined to abuse the dangerous weapons again. This premise certainly underlies the statute that prohibits a convicted felon from possessing any firearm. Wis. Stat. § 941.29(2)(a). When the State has seized a dangerous weapon because of the use of that weapon in a crime, the use of that weapon in a subsequent crime inflicts an injury and jeopardizes public confidence.

¶56. Perez's interpretation of the statute has the opposite effect. It would return dangerous weapons to offenders who have committed offenses with the dangerous weapons but have not "actively" employed them in the commission of the crimes.

¶57. Our interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) in relation to Wis. Stat. § 941.23 will promote judicial efficiency. In concluding that § 968.20(1m)(b) prohibits the return of a dangerous weapon to a person convicted of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon, we create a bright-line rule in the application of the law. Conscious possession of a concealed and dangerous weapon is an element of the offense.

¶58. Wisconsin Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) provides that "the property shall not be returned to any person who committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon or the ammunition." This statute has application to many crimes in addition to carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon.

¶59. It arguably applies to crimes in which "the use of the dangerous weapon" may require more than conscious possession of the weapon to satisfy the forfeiture statute, especially if conscious possession of the weapon is not an element of the offense. This presents a question that is not before us. In this case, we decide only that going armed with a concealed and dangerous weapon involves such conscious possession or other use of the dangerous weapon that the State will not be required to prove some additional factor to prevent the return of the dangerous weapon to the offender under Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b). Where the element of "use" has been established by conviction, we see no point in relitigating the issue.

¶60. Perez argues that he is not the type of person for whom Wis. Stat. § 968.20 was intended. We conclude, however, that § 968.20 was intended to prohibit the actions taken by Perez, inasmuch as a dangerous criminal could have undertaken these same actions. The forfeiture statute does not distinguish between "good" lawbreakers and "bad" ones. Perez pled "no contest" to a charge of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon. In doing so, he conceded that he had unlawfully gone armed with a dangerous weapon. He was driving a van with a loaded handgun on the floor next to the driver's seat, and a rifle and a loaded shotgun within reach. Returning these dangerous weapons to Perez is fundamentally at odds with a common sense interpretation of the forfeiture statute.

IV. CONCLUSION

¶61. We conclude that a seized dangerous weapon may not be returned to a person convicted of the crime of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon. A person convicted of carrying a concealed and dangerous weapon contrary to Wis. Stat. § 941.23 has "committed a crime involving the use of the dangerous weapon," because "the use" of the dangerous weapon is an indispensable element of a § 941.23 offense. Moreover, our textual and historical analysis of Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) convinces us that the legislature intended forfeiture of dangerous weapons in this situation. We therefore remand to the circuit court with instructions to enter an order denying Perez's motion for the return of the dangerous weapons that were seized from him.

By the Court.-The decision of the court of appeals is reversed and the cause is remanded.

¶62. JON P. WILCOX, J. (concurring). I concur with the majority opinion but write separately to emphasize the importance of prosecutorial discretion in our judicial system, particularly in the present context involving the forfeiture of hunting gear. The majority notes that "[t]he forfeiture statute does not distinguish between 'good' lawbreakers and 'bad' ones." Majority op. at ¶60. The failure of our statutes to make such distinctions is a primary justification for prosecutorial discretion, which is grounded in Wis. Stat. § 968.02(1). As the court of appeals has noted, "[t]he duty of a district attorney is to administer justice, not obtain convictions. As such, district attorneys are under no obligation or duty to charge in all cases where there appears to be a violation of the law." State v. Jones, 217 Wis. 2d 57, 64, 576 N.W.2d 580 (Ct. App. 1998). A prosecutor's discretion in pursuing a violation of the law, then, is "'quasi-judicial'". State v. Karpinski, 92 Wis. 2d 599, 607, 285 N.W.2d 729 (1979).

¶63. While I believe that the State might have wielded its power more judiciously in the present case, it is not my role to question the exercise of prosecutorial discretion.16 Nevertheless, I observe that the purpose of Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) is to keep dangerous weapons out of the hands of criminals who may commit future crimes with those weapons. The legislature did not intend to deprive any of the over 500,000 Wisconsin resident sportsmen and sportswomen of their hunting gear.17 If prosecutors injudiciously seek forfeiture of hunting gear under § 968.20(1m)(b), they will undermine public support for sensible laws governing dangerous weapons.

¶64. Accordingly, I would urge district attorneys to exercise their prosecutorial discretion to pursue criminals that "use" weapons in commission of crime, as the term is ordinarily understood, in accord with the legislature's intent, rather than pursuing forfeiture actions against sportswomen and sportsmen. By exercising prosecutorial discretion in a judicious manner, district attorneys will avoid the danger of overwhelming our court system with charges that are contrary to the legislature's intent. Moreover, such judicious use of the forfeiture statute where hunting gear is involved will reinforce the public's confidence in the judicial system.

¶65. I am authorized to state that Justice N. PATRICK CROOKS joins this concurrence.


1  All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 1997-98 version unless otherwise indicated.

2  Under Wis. Stat. § 941.23, "Any person except a peace officer who goes armed with a concealed and dangerous weapon is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor."

Wisconsin Stat. § 939.05 is Wisconsin's "parties to crime" statute.

3  As a Class A misdemeanor, Wis. Stat. § 941.23 carries a maximum penalty of "a fine not to exceed $10,000 or imprisonment not to exceed 9 months, or both." Wis. Stat. § 939.51(3)(a).

4  Wisconsin Stat. § 968.20(1m)(a)1. provides that: "'Crime' includes an act committed by a juvenile or incompetent adult which would have been a crime if the act had been committed by a competent adult."

5  Wisconsin Stat. § 968.20(1m)(a)2. provides that: "'Dangerous weapon' has the meaning given in s. 939.22(10)."

Under Wis. Stat. § 939.22(10):

"Dangerous weapon" means any firearm, whether loaded or unloaded; any device designated as a weapon and capable of producing death or great bodily harm; any electric weapon, as defined in s. 941.295(4); or any other device or instrumentality which, in the manner it is used or intended to be used, is calculated or likely to produce death or great bodily harm.

6  The circuit court and court of appeals both interpreted "use" as a verb. In their briefs to this court, both Perez and the State urged interpretations of "use" that treated the word as a verb. However, at oral argument, both parties acknowledged that "use" as it appears in Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) is a noun.

7  The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1966 (3d ed. 1992), defines the noun form of "use" as:

1.a. The act of using; the application or employment of something for a purpose: with the use of a calculator; skilled in the use of the bow and arrow. b. The condition or fact of being used: a chair in regular use. 2. The manner of using; usage: learned the proper use of power tools. 3.a. The permission, privilege, or benefit of using something: gave us the use of their summerhouse. b. The power or ability to use something: lost the use of one arm. 4. The need or occasion to use or employ: have no use for these old clothes. 5. The quality of being suitable or adaptable to an end; usefulness: tried to be of use in the kitchen. 6. A purpose for which something is used: a tool with several uses; a pretty bowl, but of what use is it? 7. Gain or advantage; good: There's no use in discussing it. What's the use? 8. Accustomed or usual procedure or practice.


8  Section 4, ch. 142, Laws of 1849, provided in part:

When any officer, in the execution of a search warrant, shall find any stolen or embezzled property, or shall seize any other things . . . all the property and things, so seized, shall be safely kept . . . so long as shall be necessary for the purpose of being produced as evidence and . . . afterwards, all such stolen and embezzled property shall be restored to the owner thereof, and all other things seized . . . shall be destroyed.

9  A new subsection in Wis. Stat. § 363.04 (1949) provided in part: "(8) Firearms, Explosives, Etc. Firearms, ammunition, explosives, bombs, infernal machines, and like devices, which have been used in the commission of a crime, shall be shipped to and become the property of the state crime laboratory."

10  In 1955, the legislature renumbered § 363.04 as § 963.04, but did not substantively amend the statute. § 13, ch. 660, Laws of 1955.

11  Wisconsin Stat. § 968.20 (1969) provided in part:

(1) Any person claiming the right to possession of property seized . . . may apply for its return to the county court for the county in which the property was seized or where the search warrant was returned. The court shall . . . hold a hearing to hear all claims to its true ownership. If the right to possession is proved to the court's satisfaction, it shall order the property, other than contraband, returned if:

(a) The property is not needed as evidence or, if needed, satisfactory arrangements can be made for its return for subsequent use as evidence; or

(b) All proceedings in which it might be required have been completed.


12  Wisconsin Stat. § 968.20(3) (1977) provided in part:

(a) The custodian of a seized firearm if the firearm is not required for evidence or use in further investigation . . . shall make reasonable efforts to notify all persons who have or may have an interest in the firearm of the provisions of sub. (1). If . . . an application . . . is not made . . . the seized firearm shall be shipped to and become property of the state crime laboratory.

13  Wisconsin Stat. § 968.20(3) (1979) provided in part:

(a) First class cities shall dispose of firearms or ammunition seized 12 months after taking possession of them if the owner has not requested their return and if the firearm or ammunition is not required for evidence or use in further investigation and has not been disposed of pursuant to a court order at the completion of a criminal action or proceeding. . . .  If the return of the seized firearm or ammunition is not requested by its owner under sub. (1) and is not returned by the officer under sub. (2), the seized firearm or ammunition shall be shipped to and become property of the state crime laboratory.


Wisconsin Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b) (1983) provided:

If the seized property is a firearm or ammunition, the property shall not be returned to any person who committed a crime involving the use of the firearm or the ammunition. The property may be returned to the rightful owner under this section if the owner had no prior knowledge of and gave no consent to the commission of the crime. Property which may not be returned to an owner under this subsection shall be disposed of under subs. (3) to (5).

15  "Perpetrate" means "to be responsible for; commit." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1349 (3d ed. 1992). A "perpetrator" is therefore one who is responsible for a crime or one who commits a crime. Thus, the drafting request was for a bill to prohibit the return of firearms to persons who commit or are responsible for crimes.

16  On the accountability of prosecutors, we have explained, "the district attorney is answerable to the people of the state and not to the courts or the legislature as to the manner in which he or she exercises prosecutorial discretion." State v. Annala, 168 Wis. 2d 453, 473, 484 N.W.2d 138 (1992). "Political review through the electoral process is sufficient to ensure the proper applications of prosecutorial discretion." Id. Therefore, "[w]e will not impair, without authority or reason, district attorneys' discretionary decisions of whether to initiate forfeiture proceedings or not." Jones v. State, 226 Wis. 2d 565, 585, 594 N.W.2d 738 (1999).

17  Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, License and Registration Sales Per County, 2000. The Department of Natural Resources issued 483,419 gun deer permits, 171,978 resident archery permits, 128,946 small game permits, 8162 resident class B bear permits, 55,680 water-fowl stamps, 31,911 pheasant stamps, and 63,194 turkey stamps.

2/4/2005 7:03:16 AM EDT
[#23]
Thanks, Photo!

I think the decision closely meshes with my understanding of the statute.  It all boils down to how you use "use".  

Does anyone know if the cased gun was eventually returned?  This was remanded for further proceedings, and (hopefully) the circuit court may have decided only the uncased guns were contraband and the cased gun could be returned...
2/4/2005 7:06:42 AM EDT
[#24]
I don't know what happened after this was issued. I can look around though.


I can't find crap on what happened after it left the WSC. Looks like the guys lawyers had to sue him to get thier money though.
2/4/2005 8:19:35 AM EDT
[#25]

Quoted:
It all boils down to how you use "use".  



Eactly!


Thanks for doing my homework PM!
2/4/2005 8:41:22 AM EDT
[#26]

Quoted:

Quoted:
It all boils down to how you use "use".  



Eactly!


Thanks for doing my homework PM!



Not a problem. I have read sop freaking may WSC decision regarding CCW that I know how to look them up real fast. But the easiest way to get the opinions is to just do a general search on the WSC website for 941.23 gives you all the cases regarding that one (unconstitutional) statute.
2/4/2005 8:50:52 AM EDT
[#27]
Here's the real short, simple answer...

FUCK MPD
FUCK Jim Doyle
FUCK Milwaukee
and
FUCK WISCONSIN


I have better things to do with my life than live in a nanny state that wants my taxes but doesn't respect my LIBERTY.


Now all yall get yer asses down here to TEXAS!

I got a list for yall too...

Need some brats, kraut, cheese curds, kringle...

2/4/2005 8:56:41 AM EDT
[#28]

Quoted:
Here's the real short, simple answer...

FUCK MPD
FUCK Jim Doyle
FUCK Milwaukee
and
FUCK WISCONSIN


I have better things to do with my life than live in a nanny state that wants my taxes but doesn't respect my LIBERTY.


Now all yall get yer asses down here to TEXAS!

I got a list for yall too...

Need some brats, kraut, cheese curds, kringle...




Now I won't bring it down to ya, but These guys will ship it to ya.

I think these folks will too




2/4/2005 8:59:09 AM EDT
[#29]

Quoted:

Now I won't bring it down to ya, but These guys will ship it to ya.





Yeah, 1,000 miles is a long ride for a grown man with a grown mans appetites to be travelling alone and unsupervised with a car load of heavenly goodness!  
2/4/2005 9:01:21 AM EDT
[#30]

Quoted:

Quoted:

Now I won't bring it down to ya, but These guys will ship it to ya.





Yeah, 1,000 miles is a long ride for a grown man with a grown mans appetites to be travelling alone and unsupervised with a car load of heavenly goodness!  




That it is. It would be like teasing a dog with an ice cream cone on a hot summer day.
2/4/2005 4:52:27 PM EDT
[#31]
nothin beat racine kringle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!