Marine Corps Basic Training is about as long as ARMY Infantry OSUT (One Station Unit Training). Infantry OSUT essentially combines Army Basic with Infantry AIT (Advanced Individual Training). You get more trigger time in Army Infantry OSUT than you do in Army Basic, but still not to the standards of the Corps. The longest ranged target you will engage in Army Infantry OSUT is 300 meters.
Marine Corps Basic will turn out a superb combat rifleman. Army Infantry OSUT will turn out a well trained basic infantryman.
Marine Corps Basic will instill in the recruit an ethos of eliteness and will build an esprit de corps unseen in the Army until a soldier has passed into an elite organization like an Airborne or Air Assault Unit.
Even then, it is possible to be an ex-paratrooper, but it is not possible, unless you fuck up by the numbers, to become an ex-Marine.
These last differences are primarily ones of attitude. Marines tend to develop an ethos similar to Rangers in the Ranger Regiment, even though they are arguably, not as well trained, or at least not as well trained in the same things. The intensity of troop life is probably similar in a Marine Rifle Company as in a Ranger Rifle Company, though not having been in either, I cannot state that definitively. I saw a lot of the Ranger life as a broke-leg pulling staff duties at Ft. Benning though. What passes for sloth in the Ranger organization would seem like mad industry in most regular infantry organizations. From what I have heard life in the Corps is pretty much the same.
The Army has a lot more training available ranging from the Hooah stuff like Airborne School (staff S-1 clerks can get an Airborne slot on re-enlistment and sometimes on initial enlistment.) As a combat arms soldier, getting an Airborne contract is easy.
PT scores are not comparable between the Corps and Army, the testing events are different. The Corps run is longer, the Corp does crunches rather than sit-ups and they do pull-ups instead of push ups. But from what I have seen, the Corps seems to have higher general fitness standards. The Corps also spends more time on personal combat skills including close combat. The Army glosses over it in Infantry OSUT, a couple of days without much in the way of competitive sparring.
If I knew I would have to send my son off to war and could choose the training he went through, I would send him to the Marines. If my son wanted college money and a marketable skill, I would send him to the Air Force.