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I assume it varies wildly by state.
I imagine once it's in the hands of the police, your chances of "finders keepers" are gone, even if it wasn't stolen or used in a crime. Even if it would be legal for them to release it to you after it's been cleared, I'm sure they could tie it up in rep tape for as long as it takes for you to give up on it.
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It does vary widely by state.
Most places found property over a certain value reported to the police has to be held in safekeeping for a period of time before the finder can claim.
It's really not difficult to get guns back from the police that aren't subject to an evidentiary hold in most places that aren't CA/NY et al.
It's difficult because most people haven't ever tried to do it and most police department employees that don't work in the property room are ignorant of the process.
Generally you just fill out a form and they run a III on you to check for the same thing a NICS check looks for and it gets released either immediately or in a few days...
Most of the time there is red tape for getting stolen guns back is because they were logged as an item of evidence when they were found relating to the possession of stolen property by the suspect. Evidence items usually require approval from everyone from the case officer to the prosecutor to be released if the case is still open, plus in many cases a court motion whether the case is open or closed as many jurisdictions require evidence to be held for a set period of time following disposition in case there is an appeal challenging evidence issues.