Quoted: Gargoyles are carved or sculpted images made to represent demons and frighten away evil spirits and enemies of the church or government, which is why they're all over old churches and government buildings in Europe.
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"Gargoyle", the dictionary definition: a spout usually in the form of a grotesquely carved face or figure, projecting from a roof gutter. From the Old French "gargouille" and the Late Latin "gurgulio", both meaning throat. (from Chambers Concise dictionary)
"Gargoyles (in the strict sense) are carvings on the outside of buildings designed to direct water from the roof away from the base of the walls... ...Some gargoyles are undecorated but many are zoomorphic or anthropomorphic - often very imaginative and/or grotesque. This has led to the term 'gargoyle' being applied more widely to any grotesque carving in medieval buildings." (from Bob Trubshaw, posting in BritArch archives, 23Feb1999)
When asking "why are there gargoyles and what are they for", in my experience most people seem to mean the Medieval ones. So, this is what a distingushed Frenchman Emile Male and most critics after him said:
No symbolism can explain the monstrous fauna of the cathedrals...
If ever works are exempt of meaning surely these are...
All attempts at explanation must be foredoomed to failure.
E. Male, _L'art religieux du XIIIe siecle en France_ 8e edition p. 121, 124
So, studiously ignoring those words of wisdom, here are some possible explanations I've come across:
* rainwater plumbing (this is certain but does not explain why so many are carved creatures, nor the various forms)
* warding off evil - a "kiss my ass" keep away deterrent to demons
* warding off evil - a "don't bother, we're here already doing demonic stuff" deterrent to demons
* a reminder to parishioners of the perils of evil - bad guys are marginalised to the outside of the church (but why so high up and hard to see?)
* as pagan symbols to encourage believers in pre-Christian ways to come to church (make them feel welcomed or at home, as it were)
* decoration (but why so ugly? why so hard to see)
* a juxtaposition or balance of ugliness against the beauty inside the building (a very medieval concept which we find hard to understand these days)
* insurance policy against building collapse, related to warding off evil (this one's obscure and I think it says more out modern interpretation of the medieval mind than architectural principles)
more can be found here