The issue with cleaning rods damaging the bore isn't so much about the material of the rod itself directly.
Aluminum is definately "Softer" than any barrel steel, however aluminum oxidizes.
Aluminul oxide IS an abrasive that is commonly used for "Sand paper" and other grinding/ polishing applications.
Aluminum also is "Soft" so it is succeptible to becoming embedded with all manner of detrious that can be abrasive(It was hard enough to become embedded right?) and the effect is the same.
Hardened steel rods do not get embedded, and they do not oxidize in the same manner aluminum does. They are also stronger and do not flex as much in the bore.
The teflon coated rods are simply (In the case of the better makes anyhoo) hardened steel rods with a non-stick polymer coating, that will not embed.
As to the question at hand.
As long as the goober didn't nick the crown, the barrel should be OK.
Next time you see such a thing, tell the guy to drip some lube down the barrel and rest the rifle upright for 10 min. or so to let the oil soak into the patch.
THEN push the patch out from the breech without using the hammer.
Yep. I done stuck a patch or two.
S-28