Mikke,
Yes, there should be a rubber ring somewhat like a bolt buffer like you would use in an AK, FAL, etc. Someone must have removed and lost this prior to your ownership, I would suggest trying different car rear brake cylinder seals, they are cup shaped similar to the guns original. When you find one that will slip easily (or with minor friction) into the buffer tube and make a hole in the center that will slip over the buffer tube pin using a gasket punch , etc. This will restore your rifle to proper configuration, however with the damaged buffer tube it may be a moot point, keep a close eye on it.
I have read several posts where members here have modified standard bolts to fit, the edges of the locking lugs need to be slightly radiused on the square edges like the PO bolt. The best way I can think to do this is using a Dremel tool with an emory cuttoff wheel, these make exceptionaly fine cuts and will polish using the sides and with a light touch will not overheat the lugs ruining the heat treatement, GO LIGHTLY! take off small amounts at a time and keep it cool.
Have you tried to de-burr or polish the appropriate areas in your existing bolt? this may allow the ejector and extractor to function properly with much less work.
Keep us posted, I have a type 97 that fortunately runs like a swiss watch, first AR I have ever shot that actually kicks!
Jeff