Here is my take on your questions, in no real order hehehe:
I'm not so sure the extra weight of a bull barrel is really justified for what you have in mind...the extra length, yes...but there's no guarantee the bull barrel will be any more accurate than the HBAR. You'll get the highest muzzle velocity out of a 24" barrel...but I can't tell you HOW much more (I'm sure someone else can), OR if it will be that much of a difference in making the shot or not.
The extra length and weight together will make the rifle a chore to carry around, that I can tell you. A really accurate 20" barrel, like the Bushy Vmatch, can probably get your round on targe as well as anything else, out to reasonable ranges...and it's not a bull barrel. I had a 16" bull barrel upper, and it was fairly heavy...add 8 more inches of almost 1" steel and it's really gonna seem heavy.
As far as the bolt carrier, I don't know that I'd worry about it...you'll wear the barrel out much sooner than the bolt carrier, and I don't know that the extra cost associated with chrome or anything else gets you a performance gain. It's kinda like the titanium firing pin...other folks sell them, but no one here will say they see any benefit to them, I don't believe. Supposedly they give "faster lock times"...but they never give you any more details on why that's gonna be good for whatever type of shooting you do.
Standard flat top gives you a lot more mounting options as far as sights...if you ever wanted to use iron sights of some variety, for instance. IF you're completely sure that you'll never take the scope off this rifle, and will never need it to do anything BUT be a varmning type rifle, then the high rise will probably be ok, but if you want any kind of BUIS on there, you're better off with the regular flat top, IMHO.
Muzzle brakes tend to impede accuracy...a good target crown will work for you better, I think.
Picatinny rails are slightly larger than Weaver, I believe...I recall reading a thread about having to file the edges of a Picatinny rail to accept Weaver rail stuff. I could be wrong on that, so you may have to research this one.
Also, if you want as much accuracy as you can get, then most folks would say stay away from chrome lining. Also, since you sorta say this won't be a SHTF type of rifle, you don't need the chrome lining.
I know the M4 post ban guns have the fake suppressors pressed on...but I think there is a slight contour difference as well between the real ones and the post ban barrels as well.
If you order a kit with a float tube, have them mount the stud for you...then you just mount the bipod right to the stud....you don't need the adapter.
I'm pretty sure a 20" rifle with a tube and a match barrel, along with a match trigger--I'd suggest the Armalite one--will be all you need to do the kind of shooting you describe. And the beauty of ARs is you can always get another upper hehehe...in whatever flavor you want.