Your barrel sounds like it would be correct for a 602. My 602 barrel (that I bought as a barreled upper w/a 602 receiver) has the same 12 marking by the FH, about 1" from it. Does it have a cast FSB? A cast FSB will have the word "up" & the arrow raised above the surface. Look in the M16 variation guide for a good pic of a cast FSB.
You should be able to find more answers to your questions here:
Retro Black RifleJust click the box on the left that says "Military Rifles", then click the model number your looking for.
More info here:
Colt's USGI M16 series variation guide edition IV Post pictures of your upper, it will be easier to tell what you have.
As far as the " C MP C" marked barrels being correct for a 603, I do not know, but the first link I provided should help you decide which model they are correct for. The weld spring is the same for all models, & you are correct about the gas tube being different, but I'm not sure when it was changed to the new style. FWIW though my 602 upper had the old style gas tube on it.