Billy Dixon has already been mentioned. While he himself abdmitted to more luck than skill, he took a rifle, shot it in excess of 1,000 yards and knocked a native off a horse ....
They did some VERY interesting LOOONG range testing with large bore rifles out on the eastern seaboard beaches back in the late 1800s using heavy lead projectiles. .45-70 at Two Miles:
The Sandy Hook Tests of 1879, read the
FULL STORYFor more "recent" results, a retired Ft Benning Sniper Instructor was reporting 400 yard head shots with the 600 gr subsonics ....
Some exerpts from Sandy Hook
The rifles tested included a special "long range" Springfield chambered for a 2.4-inch shell instead of the standard 2.1-inch case. The 2.4-inch case held 80 grains of black powder behind the new prototype 500-grain lead bullet. The other loads tested were the standard .45-70-405 Army load in the issue M-1873 Springfield, and the .45-85-480 load in the British Martini-Henry rifle.
When the Springfield long range cartridge was fired, the 500-grain blunt nosed lead bullets propelled by 80 grains of black powder in the 2.4-inch cases at about 1,375 fps penetrated right through the three inches of wooden target and buried themselves in the sand. One 500-grain slug pierced three inches of target and buried itself in a supporting six-inch post, giving a total penetration of a measured 5.25 inches. The Service 405-grain bullet gave a penetration of just 1.12 inches, and the Martini-Henry 480-grain bullet, 2.50 inches.
Angles of rifle elevation were: Springfield service .45-70-405 - 17°08'16"; Springfield long range .45-80-500 - 10°38'21"; and Martini-Henry .45-85-480 - 13°20'18".
Note that the angle is not that extreme and the muzzle velocity for the 500 gr is about the same for the SOCOM in the 16" AR ... I guess this is why we had a customer request a detachable 1855 ladder sight for his flat top ....