From some diagnostic software:
EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS & OBD2 On 1996 and newer vehicles, the OBD2 system monitors the fuel system for fuel vapor leaks to make sure no hydrocarbons are escaping into the atmosphere.
The EVAP monitor does two things: it verifies there is airflow from the EVAP canister to the engine, and that there are no leaks in the fuel tank, EVPA canister or fuel system vapor lines.
The OBD2 EVAP monitor runs once per drive cycle and only when the fuel tank is 15 to 85% full. The EVAP monitor uses a "purge flow sensor" to detect leaks as small as .040 inches in diameter on 1996-99 models, and as small as .020 inches on most 2000 and newer vehicles.
If OBD2 detects a leak when it runs the EVAP leak check, it will set a fault code in the P0440 to P0457 range.
A loose or missing gas cap can trigger an EVAP fault code, as can a faulty purge valve or leak in the fuel tank, EVAP canister or hoses. Finding small leaks can be difficult, so special tools may be needed. These include an ultrasonic leak detector or a system that uses smoke and dye to reveal the leak point.