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Within 15 to 20 seconds of a magnitude 5.1 earthquake at 8:32 a.m., the volcano's bulge and summit slid away in a huge landslide - the largest on Earth in recorded history. The landslide depressurized the volcano's magma system, triggering powerful explosions that ripped through the sliding debris. Rocks, ash, volcanic gas, and steam were blasted upward and outward to the north. This lateral blast of hot material accelerated to at least 300 miles per hour, then slowed as the rocks and ash fell to the ground and spread away from the volcano; several people escaping the blast on its western edge were able to keep ahead of the advancing cloud by driving 65 to 100 miles an hour! The blast cloud traveled as far as 17 miles northward from the volcano and the landslide traveled about 14 miles west down the North Fork Toutle River.
The lateral blast produced a column of ash and gas (eruption column) that rose more than 15 miles into the atmosphere in only 15 minutes. Less than an hour later, a second eruption column formed as magma erupted explosively from the new crater. Then, beginning just after noon, swift avalanches of hot ash, pumice, and gas (pyroclastic flows) poured out of the crater at 50 to 80 miles per hour and spread as far as 5 miles to the north. Based on the eruption rate of these pyroclastic flows, scientists estimate that the eruption reached its peak between 3:00 and 5:00 p.m. Over the course of the day, prevailing winds blew 520 million tons of ash eastward across the United States and caused complete darkness in Spokane, Washington, 250 miles from the volcano.
During the first few minutes of this eruption, parts of the blast cloud surged over the newly formed crater rim and down the west, south, and east sides of the volcano. The hot rocks and gas quickly melted some of the snow and ice capping the volcano, creating surges of water that eroded and mixed with loose rock debris to form volcanic mudflows (lahars). Several lahars poured down the volcano into river valleys, ripping trees from their roots and destroying roads and bridges.
The largest and most destructive lahar was formed by water seeping from inside the huge landslide deposit through most of the day. This sustained flow of water eroded material from both the landslide deposit and channel of the North Fork Toutle River. The lahar increased in size as it traveled downstream, destroying bridges and homes and eventually flowing into the Cowlitz River. It reached its maximum size at about midnight in the Cowlitz River about 50 miles downstream from the volcano.
Volcano
Elevation of summit 9,677 feet before; 8,363 feet after; 1,314 feet removed
Volume removed* 0.67 cubic miles (3.7 billion cubic yards)
Crater dimensions 1.2 miles (east-west); 1.8 miles (north-south); 2,084 feet deep
Crater floor elevation 6,279 feet
Landslide
Area and volume* 23 square miles; 0.67 cubic miles (3.7 billion cubic yards)
Depth of deposit Buried 14 miles of North Fork Toutle River Valley to an average depth of 150 feet (max. depth 600 feet)
Velocity 70 to 150 miles per hour
Lateral Blast
Area covered 230 square miles; reached 17 miles northwest of the crater Volume of deposit* 0.046 cubic miles (250 million cubic yards)
Depth of deposit From about 3 feet at volcano to less than 1 inch at blast edge
Velocity At least 300 miles per hour
Temperature As high as 660° F (350° C)
Energy released 24 megatons thermal energy (7 by blast, rest through release of heat)
Trees blown down 4 billion board feet of timber (enough to build about 300,000 two-bedroom homes) Lahars
Velocity About 10 to 25 miles per hour (over 50 miles per hour on steep flanks of volcano)
Damaged 27 bridges, nearly 200 homes
Effects on Cowlitz River Reduced carrying capacity at flood stage at Castle Rock from 76,000 cfs (cubic feet per second) to less than 15,000 cfs
Effects on Columbia River Reduced channel depth from 40 to 14 feet; stranded 31 ships in upstream ports
Eruption Column and Cloud
Height Reached about 80,000 feet in less than 15 minutes
Downwind extent Spread across US in 3 days; circled Earth in 15 days
Volume of ash* 0.26 cubic miles (1.4 billion cubic yards)
Ash fall area Detectable amounts of ash covered 22,000 square miles
Ash fall depth 10 inches at 10 miles downwind (ash and pumice); 1 inch at 60 miles downwind; ½ inch at 300 miles downwind
Pyroclastic Flows
Area covered 6 square miles; reached as far as 5 miles north of crater
Volume & depth* 0.029 cubic miles (155 million cubic yards); multiple flows 3 to 30 feet thick; cumulative depth of deposits reached 120 feet in places
Velocity Estimated at 50 to 80 miles per hour
Temperature At least 1,300° F (700° C)
Fatalities
Human 57
Wildlife Countless non-burrowing wildlife in blast area, including about 7,000 big game animals; about 12 million salmon fingerlings in hatcheries