I shot my .17 Ruger into a freshly killed deer's head last year to answer for myself if headshots at close range would be effective and humane. Well, let me tell you! At 25 yards, the bullet entered the adult doe's skull directly between, and 1.5 inches above the eyes. A very clean and tiny entrance wound, but the bullet expanded and turned the brain into guacamole. The base of the bullet was recovered and weighed 11 grains. A second shot passed cleanly through the neck at ten yards. A several shots into the ribcage heart/lung area(after field dressing!) revealed penetration through ribs, especially the smaller ribs farther back. A shot into the shoulder revealed a smashed and fragmented bullet and a fractured shoulder bone but no penetration. Why clean penetration into the skull, but not the shoulder, I do not know. Also, these results might vary with replicates. Take this info for what it's worth.
Disclaimer: I do not shoot dead animals unless I have a reason. Furthermore, I eat all the animals I hunt and shoot (except varmints) including that deer's shoulder (stew).