Last year, in two surveys using different criteria, France surpassed the
United States in crimes per capita.
That shocked the French, who tend to refer to high-crime areas with such
phrases as "a real Bronx," or "a Chicago" - a crime-as-Americana
vocabulary common across Europe.
"In Holland, when things get violent, we have an expression: `This is an
American situation,' " Lousewies van der Laan, leader of the Dutch Liberal
Democratic Party in the European Parliament, said after Mr. Fortuyn's
killing, adding: "That was the reaction. People were saying: `What is
this, the Wild West? What is this, America?' "
White Europeans are also feeling a threat from angry out-of-work teenagers
among their darker-skinned immigrant populations - whether from Pakistan,
Suriname, Algeria, Turkey or Senegal - who often identify with the
tough-talking young black Americans they see on MTV.
Every European country has a hard-core hip-hop scene. One of the top songs
in Sweden right now is a rap number about guns and power, delivered in
Swedish except for recognizably American swear words and gangsta accents.
Menacing graffiti, muggers prowling subways, gang brawls in shopping malls
and other signs of urban hostility are coming to European cities as they
did to American ones decades ago. Residents are jumpy enough to have made
crime an issue in virtually every election.
By American standards, Europe still has very few murders. France's
per-capita rate, for instance, is one-eighth that of the United States,
said Alain Bauer, who teaches criminology at the University of Paris.
Even in historical terms, France, like much of Europe, is very safe. "Four
centuries ago, we had 100 to 150 homicides per 100,000 citizens," Mr.
Bauer said, citing estimates made from church death certificates. "Now
it's around two.
"We're still very, very low," he said. "But these big shootings reveal a
general level of violence that is rising."
The Nanterre, Zug and Erfurt killings publicly punctured the myth that
Europe is gun-free.
Other than Switzerland, where former soldiers keep their assault rifles at
home, France is Europe's most heavily armed country. By one measure, 23
percent of households have firearms - compared with 8 percent in Germany -
but those include shotguns used by bird and boar hunters and family
relics.
Stricter French gun laws have slashed legal sales - to 100,000 now from
300,000 a decade ago, according to the national armorers' association,
which represents owners of small shops and custom gunmakers and has shrunk
to 600 members, from 1,200.
European countries do have strict laws. Even Switzerland, with the
loosest, requires a permit to buy a gun from a shop, while a mere written
contract covers a private sale. Britain outlawed pistols in 1997, a year
after a man with four licensed ones shot 16 children to death in a school
playground in Dunblane, Scotland. French licenses require a police and
medical check and membership in a gun club, and they expire after three
years.
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