Quoted:
The 6D's are $2000 !
Ok, here's the breakdown.
The T2i, T3i, 60D and 7D pretty much all use the same sensor. The T4i is about the same, but has some minor differences.
The Txi models are going to be your 'consumer' or 'entry level' models. The 50D and 60D are the 'semi-pro' models and the 7D is a pro model. ALL of them are capable of just about the same image quality given the same glass. The 50D being older, I'm not that familiar with, but I think it's an older sensor. The 60D has the 18MPix APS-C that is pretty much identical to the other ones mentioned here. The 7D being professional has a better autofocus system (more AF points, all cross type) and has two CPUs. It can shoot 8FPS for something like 24 frames in Large RAW, and if shooting JPEG, you can pretty much just hold the shutter indefinitely. I had a 7D, it's a badass mamma-jamma. It's GREAT for action as the AF system can track and continuously focus while shooting moving subjects.
The 6D is a full frame camera. Full frame being a sensor that is the same size as a frame of 35mm film. All the aforementioned cameras are APS-C, which is a bit smaller. What's the practical difference? Well, full frame sensors can be better in lower light. A larger sensor can have larger photosites and can gather more light. High ISO shots will also generally be less noisy. You cannot use EF-S lenses on a FF body, but you can use EF and EF-S lenses on an APS-C body.
If you think you'll shoot lots of action, look around for a used or refurb 7D, and then get some nice glass. I had the 17-55 f/2.8 and a 70-200 f/4 L, and really didn't have much want or need to get anything else.