To answer your questions:
You are correct in that the 27 is has a nicer finish than the 28. The 28 and 27 are basically the same gun, the 28 being the duty version (originally called the "Highway Patrolman").
Both the 28 and 27 have adjustable rear sights as standard. It sounds like you're also right that it has a target trigger.
I'm sure there's a way to tell the vintage. After all this is the internet.
They are hard to wear out, being big helps so it's likely that if it seems mechanically sound to you, it is. All the 27's have top strap checkering. I think none of the 28's do (cost).
If the bluing seems good, then that's just another indication that it's in good shape.
They aren't cheap guns. Unfortunately $500 isn't too far afield for a nice 27. They are no longer in production (I think they still make the stainless 627 once in a while, but when's the last time you saw one in a gunshop?). They aren't rare by any stretch. S&W made oodles of them for decades. They are high quality guns though, and you can expect to pay a pretty high price. The price is about what you're going to see very nice M27's go for. It might be a tad high for a used one, but your best bet would be to look at some of the auction sites to get an idea of value.
Early ones are pinned and recessed. The chambers are recessed in the cylinder so the entire case is supported, even the rim. There is a pin in the frame that secures the barrel in place. Later production went to deleting the recessed chambers and getting rid of the pin. Both were not really needed anyway, but it's a nice touch of class if you can get it. It's simple to tell, just look at the side of the gun, at the frame where the barrel screws into it. Either there's a pin there or there isn't. It won't effect price much, but it can narrow down the date a bit.
I have one with a 5" barrel. They are a work of art that shoots. Very fine guns indeed, and there really weren't any "bad" ones.
Ross