The Germans also used Me-110's, He-410's, and FW-190F's for CAS. the 190-F's were wildly armored, so they were like flying tanks. The Germans were able to mount the gun pods on may of their planes, Me-109, FW-190F's, and Ju-87's, some of the multi engined planes may have also been able to strap on extra guns too
The P-51 airframe started as the A-36 Apache, then a real engine was put into it making it a P-51.
Don't Forget The IL-2's, P-47', and Typhoons the Allies used. My thought is the Typhoon was the most effective on a plane vs. kill basis but the P-47 was more widely used and more likely to make sure it got its pilot home.
The A-10 is like no other plane it is designed to be hit and live to fight another day, and be easily repaired and maintained. It can carry it's weight in ordinance. It has good range and can be fitted with sidewinder missiles.
If any of the planes were in an air war with a capable opponent I would expect the Typhoon/P-47 would be most effective, useful, and survivable. The A-10 would be second only because it has far less air to air ability than the either Typhoon or P-47. But the A-10 is probably more deadly, less vulnerable to its prey, err ground targets. Of course the A-10 might also be the great attack helicopter killer........
The Japanese also had a 2 engine fighter that regularly mounted 37mm and 20 mm guns internally, as well as a few with 75 mm guns. It's name escapes me right now but it certainly had ground attack capabilities. They were supposedly an equal to our P-38's in ACM.
The British also had a Mosquito variamt that had a 57mm cannon, used primarly in an anti-shipping role.