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Most formidable? The Confederacy.
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Yes, because it was an ideological fight from within against the guy down the street rather than some outside, nationalistic interest. Defining the "enemy" was a difficult task.
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More Americans died in the Civil War, 600,000 appx, than ALL the other wars the US has fought. There were battles that had casualty rates of 10,000 in 10 minutes.
A word about the Japanese. I don't think their equipment was neccesarily second rate. Look at their aircraft carriers, battleships, and cruisers. The had liquid oxygen torpedoes that had incredible range at very high speeds, 10 times the range of the German's best torpedoes.
BUT, they had no training programs to replace lost soldiers, sailors, or airmen that had advanced skills.
They used their I-boats for scouting, not attack, even though they were probably the most formidable submarines in WW-II until the Germans deployed their type XXI boats.
They couldn't supply their troops once American airpower stepped up. They had no way to replace destroyed ships. They were dependent on imported oil that was in short supply before the war. They had no effective defense from US submarines, 60% of Japanese shipping tonnage lost in WW-II was taken by US subs. We had relatively few subs.
They were awful naval gunners. They ran en-masse at US positions, as long as the MG's stayed in the battle it meant slaughter. Look at the USMC battles of WW-II, sure the USMC didn't have an easy time. But they usually killed 10-20x the enemy soldiers than killed or wounded USMC.
They didn't believe in damage control onboard ships. US ships removed most decorative, flammable wood, material etc. from our warships. Easier to prevent a fire rather than have to put it out. Not the Japanese way.
The individual Japanese soldier, sailor, marine, or flyer, was very committed to their country and Emperor. That didn't make them good soldiers, just committed.
Compare it to the Germans. They also had massive supply line problems, equipment disbursemnet problems, and attrition problems.
Up until the last days of the war they had skilled pilots flying advanced planes. They made ballistic missiles, and the first real submarines, (type XXI and XXIII).
The individual German soldier, at least the first rate troops were still a match for USA, British, or Russian troops in a 1 to 1 fight until the final days of the war, but they didn't have many chances for even fights. They still fought with determination and skill. They had some very skilled leaders, and the most skilled, highly trained front line troops.
They made 1800 Tiger I and Tiger II tanks. Russsia made something like 50,000 T-34's, the US made 49,230 Shermans. The Tiger I was simply a heavily armored tank with an above average gun. Yet on both the Eastern and Western Fronts single Tiger I's would hold off battalion, regeminetal or larger formations of Allied tanks.
Major Otto Classius and his exuctive officer in 2 Tiger I's destroyed a Russian armored shock regiment in 15 minutes. Capt. Whittman in 1 tank held up and entire British Division outside Normandy.
Those Tigers were good, the crews were what made them feared.
I'm sorry the Japanese were a threat for a very short time, but they had so many equipment, logisitical, and training problems they couldn't deal with any real losses.
The Germans almost beat the rest of the world.