What is the most importan factor? Proper alignment?As rn45 suggested, you'll need a GOOD barrel wrench (beware of the cheapo ones)and a Armorers Action Block similar to this:

A good vise w/ brass inserts are helpful, (for holding upper by the barrel if necessary).
Pair of small vise grips, small punch and small ball pee hammer (for gas tube removal and re-installation)
Alignment is generally not a problem as barrel has an indexing pin and there is a notch in upper receiver which pin fits in.
Be sure an use some type of anti-seize compound or lube on threads prior to re-installation of the barrel nut. Also alignment of handguard snap-ring, weld spring and barrel-nut is necessary when re-installing the gas tube.
As to head-spacing if barrel your installing
has been fired with a bolt/carrier and you use that combination, headspacing should not be necessary, but if new bolt/carrier is used with the 16" barrel to be installed then you should check it to be on the safe side.
Mike