Whole books are written on the subject. "Cartridges of the World" gets my nod as a good overall reference on cartirdge history. None of the blurbs on a specific cartirdge is very deep or invovled. There are a few errors, but darn few, and that's pretty good in a book like that.
Some of the reloading manuals will have a little historical narrative for each cartirdge, but alot of useless info if you don't reload.
There has been so many different cartirdges made, that it would be a pretty long list even if limited to only rifle rounds. If you limit it to just common ones, well then you get into what's common and what isn't is just subjective.
Was there any specific cartridges you wanted to know about? You could build your own list and save work for everyone else
Ross