I'll echo the sentiments of the others, but here is the reason why.
Every time you touch off a high-velocity centerfire cartridge, the chamber pressure will peak around 50,000 PSI IIRC. At that kind of pressure, your tolerances must be pretty tight. Although the diameter is the same, the case length and the head diameter are much smaller. Since the case will not be supported in at least two directions by the chamber and/or boltface, the case will fail. Depending upon the manufacturer and construction of your rifle, that hot gas (plasma) will be directed in another direction. At the least you'll have a mess, at the worst your rifle will be destroyed and you will be injured.
However, I believe it would be difficult to fire the rifle as the cartridge would PROBABLY slide forward enough that the firing pin would not contact the primer. If you elect to try it, please warn me in advance so I can be long gone.
SRM