David(M4madness) did a good job of explaing the reasons.
It is primarily used for 3 different purposes.
The first is to compensate for erosion of the gas port over time, which is very common in carbines because of the high pressures involved in the shorter gas system.
The metering is set by the gas port diameter, and if/when this diameter increases via erosion, then the metering is no longer correct.
The adjustable gas system allows the user to restore correct metering of his gas system when erosion has occured in his gas port.
This can keep cycling speeds minimized, reduce battering, reduce felt recoil, and generally have a positive effect on reliability, when used properly.
Secondly, it is used when other cartridges are used in the AR15 which have different gas pressure curves than the 5.56. The user can set his metering with a unit that is adjustable.
Thirdly, it is common for cycling to be much higher when using a suppressor on the barrel. An adjustable gas system allows the user to adjust for this change, and re-adjust when not using the suppressor.
Regariding the comments about not needing it, to each his own.
Regarding the comments about cycling problems if you adjust it too small, we recommend having the adjustment slightly more open than the minumum, to acommodate load variations and temperature changes. If it becomes apparent that something has changed enough to cause a problem, you can open it up some more.
It's just like anything else that is adjustable. Some people can learn to use it to their advantage, and others can't, or won't. It is up to the individual to decide if it is something for them, or not.
We're not pushing it down anybody's throat.
We're just making it available to those who want it for their own reasons.