Yes, the firing pin block is a safety mechanism to prevent the gun from firing should the striker/hammer slip off the sear without the trigger being pulled, such as from inertia if the gun is dropped or from a part breakage. The little nub on the middle of the trigger transfer bar along the inside of the frame moves back when the trigger is pulled and depresses that safety plunger before the striker drops.
The reason the striker protruded on your 43 slide and was stuck there is because of how you need to pull the trigger to remove the slide from the gun and is normal. What happens is when you dry fire it, the striker is free to move back and forth a bit, because the trigger stays back and the FP safety plunger remains depressed. If you tip the gun muzzle down, the striker will fall forward and protrude from the breech. If you hold the gun muzzle down while removing the slide, the FP safety plunger re-engages as it comes off the frame, and sort of grabs onto the striker and holds it forward and protruding. Then when you pushed the striker back manually, it slipped of the safety plunger and was back into a position where that plunger stops it from going fully forward unless the plunger's depressed.