Quoted: sorry I clarified the first post... I'm curious what they use to make them burn? is it a powder that's embedded in the tip of the bullet?
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I have had a difficult time obtaining information on this topic. The best source is Dr. Herbert Ellern's book
Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics (ISBN: 0820603643) available from Barnes and Noble, and his references including U.S. patents on the subject:
It's a little pricey but I'm sure you could get it through inter-library loan.
The first incendiary bullets were developed for destroying hydrogen-filled zeppelins:
A relatively cool-burning incendiary is white phosphorus . . . Phosphorus by itself is a poor incendiary, effective only against easily ignited objects. Thus the first air attacks in WWI by hydrogen-filled dirigibles (zeppelins) were soon abandoned because phosphorus-filled bullets spelled death to lighter-than-air craft.
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p.218
The bullets were .50cal and filled through their base with white phosphorus. The smokeless powder would ignite the phosphorus which burns with a yellow flame and produces white clouds of P2O5 thus leaving a nice smoke trail behind the bullet. It was only good for igniting hydrogen, or gasoline-filled fuel tanks. Subsequent .50cal incendiary bullets use a modified tracer
compressed powder mixture consisting of magnesium powder (fuel), strontium/barium nitrate/potassium perchlorate (oxidizer), binder, etc.
Ellern wrote this about available info:
Very little can be found in the quoted manuals and other publications about incendiary projectiles. Naval Airborne Ordnance speaks of 20-mm aircraft ammunition with incendiary or high explosive and incendiary filling for use against other aircraft.
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There is some discussion of pyrophoric alloys:
Zirconium/lead alloys in a wide range of proportions spark or catch fire on impact and have been proposed for use as impact igniters for incendiary bullets, or as tracers tha mark the impact of a projectile by the light effect. . . . Alloys of either cerium or zirconium with soft metals such as lead or tin have been described as prodigious spark producers.
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p.35
Lighter flints contain misch metal, an alloy of several of the rare earth metals and about 30% iron to make it harder. Cerium metal makes up about 50% of the misch metal alloy. If you hold a lighter flint between tweezer, heat it red hot with a torch and throw it against a hard surface, it will disintegrate into a shower of bright sparks. Don't try it but if you do wear eye protection.
Very hot sparks are also obtained by abrading uranium metal.
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p.35
When planes shoot those depleted uranium rounds some of the metal surface is scraped off creating a shower of sparks. The extremely dense uranium penetrates tanks very well and the incendiary effect is a by-product rather than a design feature.
You can try a patent search on the subject and look up the copious references in Ellern's book. Good luck.
ETA:
THEY DO NOT AND NEVER HAVE CONTAINED THERMITE! (Before someone says that they contain thermite.
)