Quoted:
The wife and I are wanting to take a short vacation this summer to do some canoeing and try to catch some fish. We're looking for an outfit that would provide a basic cabin and canoe rental that would drop you off and pick you up. Anyone have any recommendations?
I've floated several rivers in south MO, but fishing was never my intent...
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Rental cabins aren't really much of a thing in Missouri . . . at least not along the rivers themselves. In fact, no new privately-owned structures have been built along the upper regions of the Current and Jack's Fork since the Scenic Riverways were adopted. In Missouri, overnight floaters typically carry their gear with them in the canoe and set up camp at an unoccupied gravel bar. That does not sound like the sort of adventure you're envisioning. (ETA: looking at a couple of websites I see that a bunch of canoe rentals have cabins. I guess I've just never paid much attention to cabins. Pick your river and then find liveries that have cabins.)
Your best bets are probably going to be on the Meramec River. The fishing for smallmouth bass is usually good and there are more commercial providers along or near the river. You might need to combine the services of a couple of providers. The Big Piney is also known for good smallmouth fishing.
All that said, call Wildwood Springs Lodge in Steelville. You could stay at the lodge or at one of about a half dozen cabins/houses the lodge owns. They work closely with a couple of the local canoe liveries. I bet they could work something out for you. There's lots of cool stuff to see and do in the area as well. (ETA: I believe Bass River Resort near Steelville offers cabins. You might check with them also.)
Another thought would be to check into the area around Bennett Spring State Park. Obviously, trout fishing is a given. You could float the Niangua and there's quite a few rental cabins in the area.
Check out this link.
https://www.floatmissouri.com/
ETA: Wait . . . I remembered another one. Check out River of Life Farm/Treehouse cabins on the North Fork. Myron will take care of you . . .
Treehouse cabins