Recently during the battle to retake Mosul from ISIS pictures have surfaced of Iraqi military and Kurdish Peshmerga using Croatian manufactured VHS-2 rifles. According to ARES (Armament Research Services) Photos posted to Twitter in 2015 show a pro-government fighter in northern Quneitra, Syria, with a Croatian VHS-D1 rifle. The VHS-D1 is a bullpup self-loading rifle developed by HS Produkt and chambered for 5.56 x 45 mm. It is a comparatively modern design that was developed in the early 2000s, entering military service in Croatia in 2009 alongside the shorter-barrelled VHS-K1. Despite external similarities to the FAMAS series of weapons, its operating design is distinctly different.
ARES has previously documented VHS-1 series weapons with Kurdish forces in Iraq, with HS Produkt having supplied Iraqi government and Kurdish forces with VHS rifles for testing in 2014. Early in 2015 it was reported that HS Produkt had signed a contract to export 10,000 of the newer series VHS-2 rifles to Iraq, and that delivery of some of these rifles had already taken place. Whilst it is unclear how the VHS rifles entered Syria, one noteworthy possibility is that they were transferred through Syrian connections to Iraqi Shi’a militias.
According to an unconfirmed source Iraqi forces have rejected the Croatian manufactured VHS-2 rifle because of weak 5.56 ammo. It is unclear if this refers to cycling malfunctions. The Kurdish KRG are to receive 10,000 of the rifles. It is rumored that they purchased the 5.56 bullpups because of the cost, which is supposedly the same as G-36 rifles. While it is historically not uncommon to find Yugoslavian rifles in the middle east it is interesting to see a bullpup that is not Iranian manufactured or an established design like the AUG or FN F2000.