I can't speak directly to the Marlin issue, but I shoot Xtreme 150 gr FPs in a Uberti 1885 High Wall in .30-30.
I experimented with loads from 1200 to 1800 fps and then backed off to a load with an average velocity of 1750 fps. I found that starting at 1800 fps I started getting fliers and it appeared that they were starting to cut or strip the plating given particles of copper that would show up on a cleaning patch.
My preferred load in my 1885 is 20.0 gr of Alliant Reloader 7 with a CCI 500 primer and an OAL of 2.670. The average velocity over the last several batches has been 1750 fps at 65-70 degrees, but it picks up to about 1775 fps at 85-90 degrees, so it's about as fast as I want to go to avoid shredding the plating.
Accuracy is quite good - with a Marbles tang sight and a Lyman 17A globe front sight, My 1885 will shoot consistent 1.5 MOA 5 shot groups at 100 and 200 yards.
1750 fps is the velocity in a 30 inch barrel. I get about 125 fps less in a 20" Model 94 barrel, and accuracy is not quite as good - but that's the carbine more than the bullet.
The 1885 and the Model 94 both use 1-12 twist barrels while the Marlin 336 uses a 1-14 twist. Consequently, assuming the bore is suitably smooth, you might be able to get a bit more velocity out of the slower twist barrel without stripping the plating off them. I recommend using a slow burning powder to help reduce the peak pressure and reduce the initial obturation as that will probably help keep the plating intact. In that regard H335 is not a bad choice.