Take it from a old shooter with permanent ringing in the ears...As others have said. The damage is cumulative. One trophy animal at a time, doves hunts, quail hunting, AD, took your muffs off to have a conversation at a match..... it all takes a toll on your hearing. In the excitement of the moment..it may not matter. One day it will. shoot with plugs and muffs or with a can.
If your life is at stake, it wont matter.
Or one day you will be old...maybe have a shelf full of trophies, a dozen or so trophy mounts to cover the wall...this ringing in your ears that NEVER goes away.
Back to your question. I have fired several guns from inside a car and more than a few rifles out the passenger side window. None of them were pleasant with the exception of a suppressed UZI.