I need you to scrub the chamber with a Chamber brush (AR-15 brass 308 chamber brush), then post photo's of the chamber.
Also, I'm now conflicted on what scraps are coming from what.
Its almost like the small scraps on the neck of the case is coming from the barrel lugs, and the large dent is coming from the the back of the bolt lug, hence top round is not being pushed down level in the mag/ mag rocking badly in the well, and it's the back edge of the bolt lug that is catching the shoulder of the round instead on the way back.
What mags are you using, are they fitting tightly in the mag well, and have you pulled the mags down to CLP clean them before you put them in play. Also, is the threaded part of the Mag catch assembly tip flush with the face of the mag release button?