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Also, on a non-pinned gas block, how does one properly align the block?
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The rear screw hole is concentric with the gas port in the gas block. So knowing that, you can rotate the gas block upside down on the barrel, then visually center the barrel gas port in the rear screw hole of the gas block. This will tell you how far the gas block must be set back, if any, from the step on the barrel (because some are made to accomodate the thickness a standard hanguard cap and some are not). It will also tell you if the gas port in the barrel is top dead center, because if not, then the gas block will appear slightly crooked when sighting down the top or bottom of the receiver when the barrel is inserted. If it is slightly crooked, remember how crooked it was and repeat that same crookedness when you rotate the gas block around right side up for the install.
If you don't have calibrated eyeballs, you can use little bubble levels and a sandbag style shooting rest to assist you in getting things lined up. Or use little pencil marks or tape when you find the center as described above.