Adjustable, non-adjustable, you can NEVER put a stock on a pistol, period.
The device you mentioned with the shoulder part attached to the buffer tube makes it a stock, and you cannot do that on a pistol, adjustable or not. Without the shoulder piece, all you have is a buffer tube, the same as using a CAR buffer tube on a pistol build.
Legal:
Build first as a pistol with your short barrel pistol upper and buffer tube only, no stock/shoulder piece of any kind. Then, if you want, you can remove the short barreled upper and put on an upper with a 16" or longer barrel, then you can attach the shoulder piece and make it temporarily into a rifle.
Pistol first, then to rifle, and back to pistol = 100% LEGAL.
To covert back to pistol, remove shoulder piece, remove rifle upper, attach pistol upper. Completely legal,
You can never attach the shoulder piece on the buffer tube with the pistol upper attached UNLESS you SBR the lower first.
This is the same procedure you would use if you were using a standard CAR buffer and had a shoulder stock that fits the buffer tube and an upper with a barrel of 16" or more.
If you do not own a rifle length upper or another AR rifle then you cannot legally have the piece that attaches to the buffer tube which makes it a stock, since the only way those parts could be assembled would be as an illegal SBR.