Andrea,
As promised here are my .02 cents of some firearms options based on the $$ limitations and needs you mentioned. My recommendations are based on hands on experience and will likely be disagreed with. I expect FLAMES!
You maybe able to find them cheaper, or find a FFL who'll order for cost + shipping & tax.
Starter Gun ($150 limit): Your not going to find much at this level that is good quality and US made. There's alot of junk. Expect a limited lifetime, poor performance & some frustrations with most, with some very few exceptions, below this level.
RIFLE: Marlin Model 81TS .22lr bolt action rifle, tubular magazine (capacity 15-16 rds of long rifle)(your don't need a clip), synthetic stock & fixed sights. Marlin marketed some a year or two ago with a factory scope for a couple extra $$. Price (wholesale + 20% to be roughly retail): $150 - new. I bought one of these for my lady friend and she likes it, it's surprisingly accurate and you can use it to shoot rabbits and squirrels for dinner. You can put a relatively good but cheap .22 scope on it easily.
For a few $$ more...
Ruger 10/22 basic model. Semi-auto, clip fed. New roughly $180-200. Same uses as above, but like the AR it loads itself after each shot so be aware & safe.
HANDGUN: No recommendations at this level, buy a rifle.
SHOTGUN: No recommdations at this level. Start with a rifle. You can find a cheap shotgun, but you'll likely out grow it quikly.
PROTECTION/SPORT USE: Here's some options, but you'll have to save up for them. I know you're on a budget.
RIFLE: None right now. Best to spend $$ on handgun and/or shotgun.
HANDGUN: Not much quality until you hit the $300 point. You can find cheaper but some are surplus foreign guns that may be difficult to support (get fixed or find spares for), and others are junk = major frustrations which you don't want starting out.
#1 - Revolver
Ruger GP100, .357 (you can start out shooting .38 special wadcutters rounds that done kick abit & work up from there), blue finish, 4 inch barrel. PRICE: ~$350-360.
Other revolvers: Taurus brand equivalents are about the same price.
#2 - Semi-auto
European American Arms (EAA)(www.eaacorp.com) Compact Witness Polymer 9mm semi-auto. Good reputation. Based on classic and one of the best 9mm ever....the CZ-75. Polymer frame saves weight & it's temperature neutral (it won't get cold or warm as the temps change). 10 rd capacity. PRICE: ~$310-320. 9mm ammo is cheap, effective and controllable.
Other Witness option - If you get the full-sized steel framed Witness 9mm they make a .22lr conversion unit for cheap practicing.
SHOTGUN: BONUS Two guns for the price of one!
Mossberg Model 500 12 gauge COMBO. (I know I recommeded a .410 or 20 ga, but you can likely grow into a 12 ga relatively quickly). Pump action shotgun, reliable. You get a 18.5 " barrel with rifle sights for possible deer hunting, and a compact package for self/home defense. Also a 28" vent rib barrel for hunting and clay target shooting (fun factor). PRICE: ~$230. My lady friend has one and likes it.
These are, IMHO, the best I would recommend to you in these price ranges. Good luck. If you have further questions ask if you want.
Regards,
Talyn