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Dude, listen to me. You need to close your electricity hose Bibb if it's leaking all over the ground. That's dangerous
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OP, the electricity goes into the ground. That electricity is what guides the dowsing rods. And for those saying once the smoke gets let out of some electrical device its toast, guess again. http://www3.telus.net/bc_triumph_registry/images/Smokekit2.jpg View Quote But, it's crazy expensive. They have a team of blind Himalayan virgins that soak the smoke through their nostrils and expel it twixt their nether regions in order to refine it into usable form. I've seen it in person once. I'll probably never see it again. |
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Current shouldn't be flowing through ground, it is just a reference.
The why's are a bit complicated, but the water example works for DC, and not all aspects. Your transformer and your loads should balance eah other. Ground is the middle reference for the 120V, which is very similar to Neutral at the breaker box, but NOT the same as Neutral once you are away from the breaker box. Without a Smith Chart.... The power company energizes your transformer, transformers only draw enough energy to power the secondary side's draw. When there isn't a load on the secondary side, the primary side isn't pulling all the power it would if the secondary were fully loaded by AC units and whatnot. There IS a lot of loss in the transmission lines and transformers, but that's part of the price paid for power. From the transformer, where the center is ground (aka Neutral until your breaker box), you have 3 wires, hot, hot and neutral. The two hots are the outside turns of the transformer, and neutral is the center tap/ground of the transformer. The hots are measured through the electric meter. Between the two hots, there is 240VAC roughly, and between either hot and the center tap is 120V. Left side of the breaker box is one half of the transformer, right side is the other half. These need to be balanced for 120V. With all that said, electric current is available for use at the nearest step down transformer (power is transmitted between 15kV and 400kV to reduce losses due to current and ohm's law). From there, your house is a loop on the transformer, with the meter and everything in your house capable of drawing power from that loop. You "use" electricity by having it flow through the device and back out Neutral to complete the circuit. In your house, this isn't ground, and can vary by tens of volts due to copper losses. You are only billed for the electricity coming out of the hot of the transformer. Once the electricity is "used", the potential is gone, wasted as work + heat in nearly all cases. The amount used depends on the AC Ohms law and power factor of the device turned on. There's a reason the little boxes are called Ground Fault Circuit interrupters. If more current is in the hot wire than is being returned in the Neutral side of the plug, electricity is finding a path to ground, and so it kills the power. Once you understand all of that, we can move on to thunderstorms and "Ground Float" which can really screw up your electronic devices. |
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Oh my God.
I can't believe I've been missing out on this thread. I'm popping popcorn. This is epic. OP, when you said you didn't know much about electricity, you weren't bullshitting. |
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When water turns a water wheel you still have just as much water after it's turned the wheel. I've heard that water and electricity are a lot alike in how they flow. You should quit while you are behind. No, it's a valid comparison and his description shows why he doesn't understand what's happening. So, how does the water turn the wheel? It's simple, the water has potential energy of position. The water is high and it flows down hill and it's movement turns the wheel. Well with electricity that potential energy difference is called electromotive force, or voltage. But the voltage is just a potential difference, it requires a circuit to make the current (electrons) flow. As with the water, you end up with the same amount of electrons you started with. |
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No, it's a valid comparison and his description shows why he doesn't understand what's happening. So, how does the water turn the wheel? It's simple, the water has potential energy of position. The water is high and it flows down hill and it's movement turns the wheel. Well with electricity that potential energy difference is called electromotive force, or voltage. But the voltage is just a potential difference, it requires a circuit to make the current (electrons) flow. As with the water, you end up with the same amount of electrons you started with. View Quote View All Quotes View All Quotes Quoted:
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When water turns a water wheel you still have just as much water after it's turned the wheel. I've heard that water and electricity are a lot alike in how they flow. You should quit while you are behind. No, it's a valid comparison and his description shows why he doesn't understand what's happening. So, how does the water turn the wheel? It's simple, the water has potential energy of position. The water is high and it flows down hill and it's movement turns the wheel. Well with electricity that potential energy difference is called electromotive force, or voltage. But the voltage is just a potential difference, it requires a circuit to make the current (electrons) flow. As with the water, you end up with the same amount of electrons you started with. Physics, bro. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. |
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You know how stoners will smoke up and then think they have some awesome idea, thought, question, or insight into something? Like, what if ham came from a chicken, or what if smoke didn't rise?
This thread is the product of that, I think... |
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I'd bet a good internet campaign would have millions believing this and paying to stop it. View Quote View All Quotes View All Quotes Quoted:
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A recent study warned that by 2050 so much electricity will have been wasted into the earth that lightning will start shooting from the ground.. Global charging is a real danger. Save the earth, remove your grounding rod. I'd bet a good internet campaign would have millions believing this and paying to stop it. Post it to 4chan, they'll give it a go. |
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I'd bet a good internet campaign would have millions believing this and paying to stop it. View Quote View All Quotes View All Quotes Quoted:
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A recent study warned that by 2050 so much electricity will have been wasted into the earth that lightning will start shooting from the ground.. Global charging is a real danger. Save the earth, remove your grounding rod. I'd bet a good internet campaign would have millions believing this and paying to stop it. There already was a war about it, between Tesla and some other guy. We use AC because it changes from + to - so the ground doesn't get too full of all those used electrons. |
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This is like watching a "reality" show.
I lost 10 IQ points just by reading the OP, and another point each on some of the replies. Oh, and FPNI. Again. |
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It's not wasted the earth converts it back into coal, natural gas and oil...
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Physics, bro. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. View Quote View All Quotes View All Quotes Quoted:
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When water turns a water wheel you still have just as much water after it's turned the wheel. I've heard that water and electricity are a lot alike in how they flow. You should quit while you are behind. No, it's a valid comparison and his description shows why he doesn't understand what's happening. So, how does the water turn the wheel? It's simple, the water has potential energy of position. The water is high and it flows down hill and it's movement turns the wheel. Well with electricity that potential energy difference is called electromotive force, or voltage. But the voltage is just a potential difference, it requires a circuit to make the current (electrons) flow. As with the water, you end up with the same amount of electrons you started with. Physics, bro. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. What goes in, must come out, or accumulate. |
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OP I think your looking at this like a DC circuit but you're dealing in AC.
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Quoted: Well you see, if the wats exceeds the hamperage, there has to be an outlet. So the electric companies conspired with Elvis to drain off the unused volts to the ground. This is commonly referred to as "TCB." That's wat the lighting bolt signifies. The mole people use this to keep JFK on life support so Bigfoot and the Grays can anal probe him weekly. Taking Care of Bigfoot. TCB! View Quote Pretty good |
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Quoted: Oh my God. I can't believe I've been missing out on this thread. I'm popping popcorn. This is epic. OP, when you said you didn't know much about electricity, you weren't bullshitting. View Quote If this isn't a troll thread, I actually respect someone asking questions about things not understood. It's a good quality. More people should try it. |
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Bloody hell, I actually learned something from this abortion of a thread.
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The 3rd grade???? I just asked my 16 year old and he makes close to straight B's and he don't have a clue. I don't believe you. View Quote View All Quotes View All Quotes Quoted:
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This can't be real. That was my first impression. If it is real, however, then it makes a damning statement to the schooling the OP received. By the third grade, I had a very good understanding of electricity, and how grounding worked. The 3rd grade???? I just asked my 16 year old and he makes close to straight B's and he don't have a clue. I don't believe you. I did have a bit of an advantage over many of my class mates in this regard. My dad taught me a lot of stuff, and gave me rather odd toys to play with. One of these toys was a transformer power supply, along with a bunch of switches, and things to operate such as bells, lights and motors. Another was a Heathkit bread board teaching tool. Also, at that age I wound a rather big electromagnet. Other things I did at that age was to build a bunch of Heathkit projects. This involved soldering components onto printed circuit boards. This was around 1968-1970. One other thing, was that science (including electricity) was taught in every grade to some extent. By fourth grade there was a separate period in which science was taught. |
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OP...you can prevent this by making sure there is a plug in every wall outlet.
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But where do you input the magic smoke? It escapes I've seen it. View Quote View All Quotes View All Quotes Quoted:
Quoted:No, it returns and is summed to zero at the neutral point. Look up kirchhoffs current and voltage rules. But where do you input the magic smoke? It escapes I've seen it. I have actually put the magic smoke in larger three phase electric motors. It come in a few forms. One is a dipping process, and smaller quantities come in spray cans. The wire itself is coated in a thin layer of the stuff as well. |
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I have actually put the magic smoke in larger three phase electric motors. It come in a few forms. One is a dipping process, and smaller quantities come in spray cans. The wire itself is coated in a thin layer of the stuff as well. View Quote View All Quotes View All Quotes Quoted:
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Quoted:No, it returns and is summed to zero at the neutral point. Look up kirchhoffs current and voltage rules. But where do you input the magic smoke? It escapes I've seen it. I have actually put the magic smoke in larger three phase electric motors. It come in a few forms. One is a dipping process, and smaller quantities come in spray cans. The wire itself is coated in a thin layer of the stuff as well. I knew it, spray cans. I don't know why I didn't think of that. Perfect sense. Thanks. |
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wait I think I understand the malfunction. OP the power company or a generator isn't creating electrons it's simply moving them along with electromagnets. If you need further help Insane Clown Posse has a pretty good lecture posted to youtube on magnets.
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Where does it flow once it flows thru my light bulb? View Quote Think of it as an electric candle, a candle uses a wick, wax and needs a flame. The Wick is the filament, the wax is the bulb housing itself and the gases inside of it, and the flame is the electricity. That's why bulbs burn out and make a popping sound when they are all used up. |
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So here is the deal: Electrons that flow through a conductor in an AC system alternate back & forth at a rate that is based on the frequency. This is measured in amperes, or amps. An amp is equal to 6.28x10 to the 18th electrons flowing past a given point per second. Think about that. That is a metric fuckton of little negatively charged jobbers being transferred from valence ring to valence ring of the atoms within the conductor.
As a result, work is done based upon the design of the load but heat is also created within the conductor. This is due to friction. As an example, do the Mr Miaggi wax on wax off hand rub thing. The more vigorous you wax it off the hotter your hands get. So from this we can see a limitation of any conductor is heat. The more electrons flowing the larger the conductor needs to be. A 12 gauge copper conductor can, per the NEC code book, can have no more than 25 (I think) amps flow through it. However, it is only allowed to be protected by a maximum 20A OCPD (overcurrent protective device) but that is a different discussion. A 500kcmil (kilo-or thousand- circular mil) conductor can have up to 380A flow through it per the NEC. This is all based on the 75degree Celsius scale in table 310.15(B)(16). This table was formerly 310.16 up through the 2008 NEC & was changed in the 2011 edition. Reason being is that tables in the NEC are numbered based on the section that refers you to said table. There never was a Section 310.16. But back to the amperage thing... So, this 75degree scale is what I personally always use, as opposed to the 90degree scale, because damn near all lugs on a breaker are rated for 60/75degrees but not 90. You see, any circuit rating is only as strong as its weakest link. If a conductor is sized based on the 90 scale but the lug isn't, than the lug will potentially get hotter than it is rated for and fail. Now some of you are saying that there are lugs rated for 90degrees and you would be correct but many circuit breakers are not made with these lugs. Always check the temp rating of your termination lugs. Look for a marking like 'AL9CU' or 'CU9AL. The letters mean that it is rated for both copper & aluminum while the 9 means that it is 90degree rated. If the '9' was a '7' than it is only rated for 75degrees. Okay, where was I...oh yeah ---> amperage flows from the source, through the load, & than back to the source. Amperage, or current, should NOT flow within the grounding system. All of the green wires in the system are there for safety. There are different names for different parts of a grounding system based on where it is within the system. The part that makes the physical connection to the earth is the grounding electrode. 250.52 allows for the following types of electrodes: rod, pipe, plate, ring, concrete encased (commonly called a ufer, named after some guy named Ufer because he founded the use of this type of electrode), steel structure of a building, underground metal water pipe, and probably a couple more that I can't remember right now. There are restrictions to material type, install method/rules and such but I ain't going there right now. The conductor that connects this electrode to your panel/switchgear is the grounding electrode conductor. This is sized based on the equivalent size of the service entrance conductors and isn't required to be larger than 3/0 ( that's 3-ought or 000). You see, on the American Wire Gauge scale the larger numbers are smaller wires and as the wire gets bigger it's AWG number gets smaller. Example being numbers going as such:12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0(1/0 or 1-ought), 2/0, 3/0, and finally 4/0. From here, the size is simply the circular mills of the conductor starting with a 250kcmil, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 750 and so on up to 2000. 750 is a big bitch, I couldn't imagine pulling 2000's!!! Who of you still call a 500 like this---> 500MCM? This is old terminology that means the same thing as kcmil. The first M is the Roman numeral for 1,000 just like k is the metric prefix. The CM than means circular mils. What is this unit of circular mils that I speak of? It is an area measurement specific to conductor sizing. A mil is a linear measurement equal to one/thousandth of an inch. A circular mil is mils times mils. This formula is not like the area of a circle measurement which is (pi)(r)(squared). Why does the area of s conductor differ from the area of a circle you ask? I ain't sure except to probably get to a much more specific number for it value. A 12awg is 6530 mils, a10awg is 10,380 mils & I don't remember any others right now. We can talk raceway fill (based on area) and box fill (based on volume) but that's a whole different discussion so back to grounding. The conductor that connects the grounding conductor to the grounded conductor at the service is the main bonding jumper (system bonding jumper at a seperately derived system such as a transformer). This Dan be a wire, bus had, or screw depending. I'm sure you are wondering what this 'grounded' conductor is that I spoke of? This is the system conductor that is intentionally grounded & is commonly called the neutral. It isn't always a neutral and could be a corner of a corner grounded delta but... This neutral is identified by white or gray insulation or black insulation with white or gray tale at its termination points. The neutral IS a normally current-carrying conductor. In your house on a 120v ckt the black, ungrounded 'hot' wire is where the current starts to flow through the circuit conductor toward the load. The neutral is the return path for this current back to the panel to the neutral bus, through the grounded service entrance conductor and finally back to the source or transformer winding(s). The grounding conductor is the conductor that is continuously performing the grounding, or making the connection to, the metal non-current carrying parts n pieces of all the things. There should NOT be any current flowing on this conductor. This is the green, or bare conductor. What is the purpose of this grounding conductor? It's three fold actually: to put all non-current carrying metal parts at the same potential as the earth (remember the grounding electrode, grounding electrode conductor and main bonding jumper), to perform bonding duties & to be able to safely carry ground fault current to help facilitate the operation of the OCPD. Ground faults are typically high current faults that can be 1,000's of times higher than normal current values. During a ground-fault LARGE amounts of current flow from the source, through the circuit breaker, through the grounding system and back to the source. This is why the secondary windings of a transformer are grounded & why the main bonding jumper is what it is. The main bonding jumper provides a path for this fault current to flow back to the transformer. The circuit breaker says OH SHIT THIS IS WAY TO MUCH CURRENT!!!!! I NEED TO OPEN MYSELF UP!!!! Hopefully it does, as opposed to blowing the fuck up. You see, any ICLD has a rating called its AIC (amps interrupting current). This is the amount that an OCPD can safely have flow through it before it blows the fuck up. Gear has an SCCR rating (shirt-circuit current rating). Kinda the same but more specific to the bussing in the gear. The higher the rating the more, stronger the bracing for the bussing. I mentioned that heat is created when current flow but one more thing happens. A magnetic field is created when current flows. Copper is non-ferrous (can't be permanently magnetized) but can become an electro magnet. Basically to magnetize a material you need to align many many of the atoms within it. During current flow some of the atoms, specifically electrons, all flow the same direction and work together so that their individual magnetic fields add to each other. The higher the current, the stronger the magnetic field. High faults can easily cause sides to slap around in conduits or for bus bars to be physically attracted to each other (bent like a motherfucker) until they pissibly touch es higher and blow the fuck up!!! KA-FUCKING BOOM!!!! I can get deeper into this, explain how transformers and motors work, what voltage, resistance & power are, how to bend conduit in every way, and a bunch of other shit but I need to stop typing so I can get back to chugging my Keystone Lights. TL:DR OP doesn't understand electricity... |
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So here is the deal: <snip> I can get deeper into this, explain how transformers and motors work, what voltage, resistance & power are, how to bend conduit in every way, and a bunch of other shit but I need to stop typing so I can get back to chugging my Keystone Lights. TL:DR OP doesn't understand electricity... View Quote Electricity is Magic |
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OP have you ever heard of the underground economy? Now you know where it gets its electricity from.
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Physics, bro. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. View Quote View All Quotes View All Quotes Quoted:
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When water turns a water wheel you still have just as much water after it's turned the wheel. I've heard that water and electricity are a lot alike in how they flow. You should quit while you are behind. No, it's a valid comparison and his description shows why he doesn't understand what's happening. So, how does the water turn the wheel? It's simple, the water has potential energy of position. The water is high and it flows down hill and it's movement turns the wheel. Well with electricity that potential energy difference is called electromotive force, or voltage. But the voltage is just a potential difference, it requires a circuit to make the current (electrons) flow. As with the water, you end up with the same amount of electrons you started with. Physics, bro. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. That's why it just goes into the ground. Hasn't anybody told the OP about drilling an electric well so he can pump out the excess and sell it the back to the power company? |
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Back before the modern digital meters you could turn your meter upside down, put it back in the meter socket and wind back your electricity use.
That isn't B.S., it really did work. I guess it would be theft of services like people did with cable tv. The things I learned when I was an electrician. |
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What you are basically asking is that when you knock over dominoes, and the last one falls... where does all of the falling go? |
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This is why I bury all my spare batteries under my house, always charged and ready to go.
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Quoted: So here is the deal: Electrons that flow through a conductor in an AC system alternate back & forth at a rate that is based on the frequency. This is measured in amperes, or amps. An amp is equal to 6.28x10 to the 18th electrons flowing past a given point per second. Think about that. That is a metric fuckton of little negatively charged jobbers being transferred from valence ring to valence ring of the atoms within the conductor. As a result, work is done based upon the design of the load but heat is also created within the conductor. This is due to friction. As an example, do the Mr Miaggi wax on wax off hand rub thing. The more vigorous you wax it off the hotter your hands get. So from this we can see a limitation of any conductor is heat. The more electrons flowing the larger the conductor needs to be. A 12 gauge copper conductor can, per the NEC code book, can have no more than 25 (I think) amps flow through it. However, it is only allowed to be protected by a maximum 20A OCPD (overcurrent protective device) but that is a different discussion. A 500kcmil (kilo-or thousand- circular mil) conductor can have up to 380A flow through it per the NEC. This is all based on the 75degree Celsius scale in table 310.15(B)(16). This table was formerly 310.16 up through the 2008 NEC & was changed in the 2011 edition. Reason being is that tables in the NEC are numbered based on the section that refers you to said table. There never was a Section 310.16. But back to the amperage thing... So, this 75degree scale is what I personally always use, as opposed to the 90degree scale, because damn near all lugs on a breaker are rated for 60/75degrees but not 90. You see, any circuit rating is only as strong as its weakest link. If a conductor is sized based on the 90 scale but the lug isn't, than the lug will potentially get hotter than it is rated for and fail. Now some of you are saying that there are lugs rated for 90degrees and you would be correct but many circuit breakers are not made with these lugs. Always check the temp rating of your termination lugs. Look for a marking like 'AL9CU' or 'CU9AL. The letters mean that it is rated for both copper & aluminum while the 9 means that it is 90degree rated. If the '9' was a '7' than it is only rated for 75degrees. Okay, where was I...oh yeah ---> amperage flows from the source, through the load, & than back to the source. Amperage, or current, should NOT flow within the grounding system. All of the green wires in the system are there for safety. There are different names for different parts of a grounding system based on where it is within the system. The part that makes the physical connection to the earth is the grounding electrode. 250.52 allows for the following types of electrodes: rod, pipe, plate, ring, concrete encased (commonly called a ufer, named after some guy named Ufer because he founded the use of this type of electrode), steel structure of a building, underground metal water pipe, and probably a couple more that I can't remember right now. There are restrictions to material type, install method/rules and such but I ain't going there right now. The conductor that connects this electrode to your panel/switchgear is the grounding electrode conductor. This is sized based on the equivalent size of the service entrance conductors and isn't required to be larger than 3/0 ( that's 3-ought or 000). You see, on the American Wire Gauge scale the larger numbers are smaller wires and as the wire gets bigger it's AWG number gets smaller. Example being numbers going as such:12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0(1/0 or 1-ought), 2/0, 3/0, and finally 4/0. From here, the size is simply the circular mills of the conductor starting with a 250kcmil, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 750 and so on up to 2000. 750 is a big bitch, I couldn't imagine pulling 2000's!!! Who of you still call a 500 like this---> 500MCM? This is old terminology that means the same thing as kcmil. The first M is the Roman numeral for 1,000 just like k is the metric prefix. The CM than means circular mils. What is this unit of circular mils that I speak of? It is an area measurement specific to conductor sizing. A mil is a linear measurement equal to one/thousandth of an inch. A circular mil is mils times mils. This formula is not like the area of a circle measurement which is (pi)(r)(squared). Why does the area of s conductor differ from the area of a circle you ask? I ain't sure except to probably get to a much more specific number for it value. A 12awg is 6530 mils, a10awg is 10,380 mils & I don't remember any others right now. We can talk raceway fill (based on area) and box fill (based on volume) but that's a whole different discussion so back to grounding. The conductor that connects the grounding conductor to the grounded conductor at the service is the main bonding jumper (system bonding jumper at a seperately derived system such as a transformer). This Dan be a wire, bus had, or screw depending. I'm sure you are wondering what this 'grounded' conductor is that I spoke of? This is the system conductor that is intentionally grounded & is commonly called the neutral. It isn't always a neutral and could be a corner of a corner grounded delta but... This neutral is identified by white or gray insulation or black insulation with white or gray tale at its termination points. The neutral IS a normally current-carrying conductor. In your house on a 120v ckt the black, ungrounded 'hot' wire is where the current starts to flow through the circuit conductor toward the load. The neutral is the return path for this current back to the panel to the neutral bus, through the grounded service entrance conductor and finally back to the source or transformer winding(s). The grounding conductor is the conductor that is continuously performing the grounding, or making the connection to, the metal non-current carrying parts n pieces of all the things. There should NOT be any current flowing on this conductor. This is the green, or bare conductor. What is the purpose of this grounding conductor? It's three fold actually: to put all non-current carrying metal parts at the same potential as the earth (remember the grounding electrode, grounding electrode conductor and main bonding jumper), to perform bonding duties & to be able to safely carry ground fault current to help facilitate the operation of the OCPD. Ground faults are typically high current faults that can be 1,000's of times higher than normal current values. During a ground-fault LARGE amounts of current flow from the source, through the circuit breaker, through the grounding system and back to the source. This is why the secondary windings of a transformer are grounded & why the main bonding jumper is what it is. The main bonding jumper provides a path for this fault current to flow back to the transformer. The circuit breaker says OH SHIT THIS IS WAY TO MUCH CURRENT!!!!! I NEED TO OPEN MYSELF UP!!!! Hopefully it does, as opposed to blowing the fuck up. You see, any ICLD has a rating called its AIC (amps interrupting current). This is the amount that an OCPD can safely have flow through it before it blows the fuck up. Gear has an SCCR rating (shirt-circuit current rating). Kinda the same but more specific to the bussing in the gear. The higher the rating the more, stronger the bracing for the bussing. I mentioned that heat is created when current flow but one more thing happens. A magnetic field is created when current flows. Copper is non-ferrous (can't be permanently magnetized) but can become an electro magnet. Basically to magnetize a material you need to align many many of the atoms within it. During current flow some of the atoms, specifically electrons, all flow the same direction and work together so that their individual magnetic fields add to each other. The higher the current, the stronger the magnetic field. High faults can easily cause sides to slap around in conduits or for bus bars to be physically attracted to each other (bent like a motherfucker) until they pissibly touch es higher and blow the fuck up!!! KA-FUCKING BOOM!!!! I can get deeper into this, explain how transformers and motors work, what voltage, resistance & power are, how to bend conduit in every way, and a bunch of other shit but I need to stop typing so I can get back to chugging my Keystone Lights. TL:DR OP doesn't understand electricity... View Quote Doesn't that Herzt? Ed |
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Your AC alternates? Doesn't that Herzt? Ed View Quote View All Quotes View All Quotes Quoted:
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So here is the deal: Electrons that flow through a conductor in an AC system alternate back & forth at a rate that is based on the frequency. This is measured in amperes, or amps. An amp is equal to 6.28x10 to the 18th electrons flowing past a given point per second. Think about that. That is a metric fuckton of little negatively charged jobbers being transferred from valence ring to valence ring of the atoms within the conductor. As a result, work is done based upon the design of the load but heat is also created within the conductor. This is due to friction. As an example, do the Mr Miaggi wax on wax off hand rub thing. The more vigorous you wax it off the hotter your hands get. So from this we can see a limitation of any conductor is heat. The more electrons flowing the larger the conductor needs to be. A 12 gauge copper conductor can, per the NEC code book, can have no more than 25 (I think) amps flow through it. However, it is only allowed to be protected by a maximum 20A OCPD (overcurrent protective device) but that is a different discussion. A 500kcmil (kilo-or thousand- circular mil) conductor can have up to 380A flow through it per the NEC. This is all based on the 75degree Celsius scale in table 310.15(B)(16). This table was formerly 310.16 up through the 2008 NEC & was changed in the 2011 edition. Reason being is that tables in the NEC are numbered based on the section that refers you to said table. There never was a Section 310.16. But back to the amperage thing... So, this 75degree scale is what I personally always use, as opposed to the 90degree scale, because damn near all lugs on a breaker are rated for 60/75degrees but not 90. You see, any circuit rating is only as strong as its weakest link. If a conductor is sized based on the 90 scale but the lug isn't, than the lug will potentially get hotter than it is rated for and fail. Now some of you are saying that there are lugs rated for 90degrees and you would be correct but many circuit breakers are not made with these lugs. Always check the temp rating of your termination lugs. Look for a marking like 'AL9CU' or 'CU9AL. The letters mean that it is rated for both copper & aluminum while the 9 means that it is 90degree rated. If the '9' was a '7' than it is only rated for 75degrees. Okay, where was I...oh yeah ---> amperage flows from the source, through the load, & than back to the source. Amperage, or current, should NOT flow within the grounding system. All of the green wires in the system are there for safety. There are different names for different parts of a grounding system based on where it is within the system. The part that makes the physical connection to the earth is the grounding electrode. 250.52 allows for the following types of electrodes: rod, pipe, plate, ring, concrete encased (commonly called a ufer, named after some guy named Ufer because he founded the use of this type of electrode), steel structure of a building, underground metal water pipe, and probably a couple more that I can't remember right now. There are restrictions to material type, install method/rules and such but I ain't going there right now. The conductor that connects this electrode to your panel/switchgear is the grounding electrode conductor. This is sized based on the equivalent size of the service entrance conductors and isn't required to be larger than 3/0 ( that's 3-ought or 000). You see, on the American Wire Gauge scale the larger numbers are smaller wires and as the wire gets bigger it's AWG number gets smaller. Example being numbers going as such:12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0(1/0 or 1-ought), 2/0, 3/0, and finally 4/0. From here, the size is simply the circular mills of the conductor starting with a 250kcmil, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 750 and so on up to 2000. 750 is a big bitch, I couldn't imagine pulling 2000's!!! Who of you still call a 500 like this---> 500MCM? This is old terminology that means the same thing as kcmil. The first M is the Roman numeral for 1,000 just like k is the metric prefix. The CM than means circular mils. What is this unit of circular mils that I speak of? It is an area measurement specific to conductor sizing. A mil is a linear measurement equal to one/thousandth of an inch. A circular mil is mils times mils. This formula is not like the area of a circle measurement which is (pi)(r)(squared). Why does the area of s conductor differ from the area of a circle you ask? I ain't sure except to probably get to a much more specific number for it value. A 12awg is 6530 mils, a10awg is 10,380 mils & I don't remember any others right now. We can talk raceway fill (based on area) and box fill (based on volume) but that's a whole different discussion so back to grounding. The conductor that connects the grounding conductor to the grounded conductor at the service is the main bonding jumper (system bonding jumper at a seperately derived system such as a transformer). This Dan be a wire, bus had, or screw depending. I'm sure you are wondering what this 'grounded' conductor is that I spoke of? This is the system conductor that is intentionally grounded & is commonly called the neutral. It isn't always a neutral and could be a corner of a corner grounded delta but... This neutral is identified by white or gray insulation or black insulation with white or gray tale at its termination points. The neutral IS a normally current-carrying conductor. In your house on a 120v ckt the black, ungrounded 'hot' wire is where the current starts to flow through the circuit conductor toward the load. The neutral is the return path for this current back to the panel to the neutral bus, through the grounded service entrance conductor and finally back to the source or transformer winding(s). The grounding conductor is the conductor that is continuously performing the grounding, or making the connection to, the metal non-current carrying parts n pieces of all the things. There should NOT be any current flowing on this conductor. This is the green, or bare conductor. What is the purpose of this grounding conductor? It's three fold actually: to put all non-current carrying metal parts at the same potential as the earth (remember the grounding electrode, grounding electrode conductor and main bonding jumper), to perform bonding duties & to be able to safely carry ground fault current to help facilitate the operation of the OCPD. Ground faults are typically high current faults that can be 1,000's of times higher than normal current values. During a ground-fault LARGE amounts of current flow from the source, through the circuit breaker, through the grounding system and back to the source. This is why the secondary windings of a transformer are grounded & why the main bonding jumper is what it is. The main bonding jumper provides a path for this fault current to flow back to the transformer. The circuit breaker says OH SHIT THIS IS WAY TO MUCH CURRENT!!!!! I NEED TO OPEN MYSELF UP!!!! Hopefully it does, as opposed to blowing the fuck up. You see, any ICLD has a rating called its AIC (amps interrupting current). This is the amount that an OCPD can safely have flow through it before it blows the fuck up. Gear has an SCCR rating (shirt-circuit current rating). Kinda the same but more specific to the bussing in the gear. The higher the rating the more, stronger the bracing for the bussing. I mentioned that heat is created when current flow but one more thing happens. A magnetic field is created when current flows. Copper is non-ferrous (can't be permanently magnetized) but can become an electro magnet. Basically to magnetize a material you need to align many many of the atoms within it. During current flow some of the atoms, specifically electrons, all flow the same direction and work together so that their individual magnetic fields add to each other. The higher the current, the stronger the magnetic field. High faults can easily cause sides to slap around in conduits or for bus bars to be physically attracted to each other (bent like a motherfucker) until they pissibly touch es higher and blow the fuck up!!! KA-FUCKING BOOM!!!! I can get deeper into this, explain how transformers and motors work, what voltage, resistance & power are, how to bend conduit in every way, and a bunch of other shit but I need to stop typing so I can get back to chugging my Keystone Lights. TL:DR OP doesn't understand electricity... Doesn't that Herzt? Ed Look here Mr. M1-Ed, this here electrical stuff is serious bidness. Your play on words is inappreciated... ...UNAPPRECIATED |
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